1、Designation: E 848 94 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forSafety and Health Requirements Relating to OccupationalExposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended to provide guidance in the safe handling of certain chro
3、mate compounds thatare suspected to be carcinogenic in man (1-8).2Precautions contained herein are believed to protectagainst possible carcinogenicity, and will also be sufficient to obviate any acute health hazards exceptwhere skin hypersensitivity is a factor. Other hazards are considered and disc
4、ussed.The time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) specified in this guide arebased on studies evaluated by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) (9). Epidemiological studies of the chromate producing industry have indicated thatobserved adverse healt
5、h effects were associated with environmental levels and hygiene proceduresconsiderably less exacting than those recommended here (see Appendix X1).Hygiene controls and medical surveillance measures have been chosen to protect workers,recognizing that the potential for exposure will vary widely from
6、industry to industry and between onelocation and another, depending on the compounds handled, scale of operations, kind of process, andphysical conditions.The key to maintaining chromate levels below the PEL is through implementation of cost effectiveengineering controls augmented as necessary by pe
7、rsonal protective equipment, or work practicecontrols, or both. The choice of methods should depend upon the factors involved in each specificsituation.Biological monitoring is also recommended for lead chromate (see 7.4).All applicable federal, state, county and local regulations must be complied w
8、ith when this guideis used.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers control procedures for the safe pro-duction, storage, transportation, and handling of only thehexavalent chromium compounds found in Table 1 and theirvarious hydrates, and mixtures of coprecipitates of the sameregardless of crystalline form.1.
9、2 This guide is not intended to cover ( a) such “soluble”chromates as chromates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, orammonium; (b) soluble bichromates; (c) chromic acid; (d)volatile chromyl compounds; (e) any trivalent chromiumcompound; or (f) elemental chromium. Omission of saidcompounds or classes o
10、f compounds should not be construed tomean that they may be handled without due regard to theirparticular physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards (9, 10,11).1.3 The chromate ion, CrO42, depending upon the acidity,complexes to form di-, tri-, and higher polychromates; hence,the chromates listed
11、 in Table 1 may contain mixtures ofpolychromates, depending on the method of isolation and enduse.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.22 on Flammability and Safety.Cu
12、rrent edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 848 94 (2000).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thisguide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
13、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability
14、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.(For more specific precautionary information see Section 5.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standards:Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye andFace Protection3Z88.2 Practices for Respiratory Protection3Z129.1 Precautionary Labeling for Hazardous
15、IndustrialChemicals32.2 OSHA Standards:29 CFR 1910.20 Access to Records429 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication429 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection429 CFR 1910.1025 Lead42.3 NIOSH Publications:“Certified Equipment,” HEW Publication No. 76-1454“Recommended Industrial Ventilation Guidelines,” January
16、1976, HEW Publication No. 76-1624“Criteria for a Recommended Standard Chromium (VI),”HEW Publication No. 76-12943. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 exposure area, nbuildings and exterior locationswhere insoluble chromates may be present as airborne particu-lates in
17、 excess of the concentrations specified in 5.1.2, or wherethere is a likelihood of skin contact with chromate containingdust.3.1.2 insoluble, na relative term to distinguish the low-water solubility of the chromates listed in Table 1 from themuch more water-soluble chromates of sodium, potassium, an
18、dammonia. The solubilities of lead chromates and calciumchromate are typical of the lower and upper solubilities of theclass (see Section 6).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readilysoluble in water and that have water solubilities (ChromateION) within the range o
19、f the more soluble calcium chromateand the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupa-tions involving potential exposure to insoluble chromates are inroasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pig-ments, the manufacture of coatings containing chromate pig-ments, and spray painting
20、with these coatings. There isinsufficient evidence to conclude that trivalent chromiumcompounds are carcinogenic.5. General Requirements5.1 Environmental Levels:5.1.1 The following guide is designed to protect the healthand safety of workers for an 8 to 10-h workday, 40-hworkweek, over a working lif
21、etime. The PEL can be met bytechniques and controls that reduce employee exposure belowthe applicable safe limit. These controls must be reliable.Permissible exposure limits are based on the 1985 ACGIHrecommended Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for chromates oflead and zinc and for chromite-ore process
22、ing (12).55.1.2 PELOccupational exposure to any of the com-pounds listed in Table 1 shall be controlled to a TWA of 0.05mg/m3(as Chromium) for an 8-h workday.5.1.3 At least one full-shift (80 % of the shift length)personal sample should be taken for each job classification andeach work area involvin
23、g insoluble chromates. These samplesshall be representative of a monitored employees regular dailyexposure to insoluble chromates, and may be used to representthe exposure of all employees in that job assignment. Onesample may not be sufficient for an adequate characterization.For further guidance a
24、nd appropriate control objectives see 5.6,6.2, and 7.3.5.2 Medical Surveillance:5.2.1 ExaminationsIndividuals who are currently, or whoare expected to be employed in exposure areas (see 3.1) shallbe given preplacement and annual medical examinations thatshall include, but not necessarily be limited
25、to the following:5.2.1.1 Work History, to elicit information on all pastexposures to any hexavalent chromium compounds or othertoxic substances, particularly those affecting lung function.5.2.1.2 Periodic Medical Examination, consisting of at leastthe following: Completion of a health history questi
26、onnairewith attention given to smoking history, posterior-anteriorchest X-ray, complete blood count or red cell count andhemoglobin, and pulmonary function studies (FVC, FEV 1.0and FEV 1.0/FVC).5.2.2 Medical examinations shall be made available toworkers with symptoms of skin or upper respiratory tr
27、actirritation at the time the symptoms are first observed orreported.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washingt
28、on, DC 20401.5Committee on Industrial Ventilation, Documentation of TLVs, American Con-ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, 1985.TABLE 1 Examples of Some Hexavalent Chromium CompoundsChemical Name Formula Color Index NameABarium chromate BaCrO4Pigment Yellow 31Barium potassium chromate BaK3
29、(CrO4)2Pigment Yellow 31Basic copper chromate CuCrO4xCu(OH)2Not listedBasic cadmium chromate Cd2(OH)2CrO4Pigment Yellow 44Basic lead chromate PbCrO4PbO Pigment Orange 21Bismuth basic dichromate Bi2O3CrO3Pigment Red 103Calcium chromate CaCrO4None assigned“Chromic chromate”(calcium chromate sinter)xCa
30、O yCr2O3zCrO3Pigment Yellow 33Not listedFerric chromate Fe2(CrO4)3Pigment Yellow 45Basic ferric chromate Fe(OH)CrO4Pigment Yellow 45Lead chromate PbCrO4Pigment Yellow 34Lead molybdochromate PbCrO4PbMoO4Pigment Red 104Potassium zinc chromate K2O 4ano4Cr4O3Pigment Yellow 36Strontium chromate SrCrO4Pig
31、ment Yellow 32Zinc chromate ZnCrO4Pigment Yellow 36AFor Classification, not Toxicology.E 848 94 (2006)25.2.3 ManagementProper medical management shall beprovided promptly for workers adversely affected by exposureto insoluble chromates. The cause of any excessive exposureshall be sought without dela
32、y, and corrective action initiated.Aphysician shall determine if sensitized individuals should beexcluded from jobs with a risk of exposure.5.2.4 First Aid:5.2.4.1 IngestionInduce vomiting promptly and obtainprompt medical attention. “Advice to physicians: Administer500 to 1000 mg ascorbic acid IV a
33、s promptly as possible,followed by oral Vitamin C, 5 to 10 g/day until risk of kidneyfailure has ceased,” (13).5.2.4.2 Chromium Contamination of Open WoundsFlushthoroughly for 15 min with water and seek medical attention.5.2.4.3 Eye IrritationFlush thoroughly with copiousquantities of water for 15 m
34、in and seek medical attention.5.3 Labeling and Posting:5.3.1 Warning SignsIn areas where insoluble chromateconcentrations in the atmosphere are likely to exceed thestandard, appropriate warning signs, barricades, or work prac-tices should be used to restrict access to unauthorized persons.The sign m
35、ust alert anyone entering the area as to what actionshould be taken.5.3.2 Container LabelsAll containers (bag, barrel, box,can, drum, reaction vessel, storage tanks, but not pipe or pipelines) should be labeled, tagged, or marked with the followinginformation:5.3.2.1 The Identity of the Material(s)
36、Identity means anychemical or common name(s), code name or number, or brandname, that is indicated on the material safety data sheet for thechemical.5.3.2.2 Batch process sheets, batch tickets, operating proce-dures, or other such written materials are acceptable alterna-tives to individual labels a
37、s long as the appropriate identity isreadily accessible to employees.5.3.2.3 Portable containers for immediate use need not belabeled.5.3.3 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)The MSDS orequivalent is the primary source of the safety and healthinformation. The chemical identification and MSDS for allin
38、soluble chromates used in the workplace must be madereadily accessible to all employees. The MSDS in conjunctionwith the identity on the label and employee training willconvey the hazard(s) (both physical and health) determinationfor the chromate compounds. Information on the MSDS mustinclude:5.3.3.
39、1 The OSHA PEL and the ACGIH TLV.5.3.3.2 A statement to that effect if the chromate has beenidentified as a suspect carcinogen by the National ToxicologyProgram (NTP), the International Agency for Research onCancer (IARC), OSHA, or the employer.5.3.4 Finished Product Labels, are the responsibility o
40、f themanufacturer based on his knowledge of the end use of hisunique products. However, the label should be in agreementwith the recommendations of ANSI Z129. Any applicablegovernmental regulation must be followed.5.4 Personal Protective Equipment:5.4.1 Respiratory ProtectionEach employees personalw
41、ork environment shall be maintained at a safe exposure levelthrough implementation of cost effective engineering controls,augmented as necessary by personal protective equipment orwork practice controls, or both. The choice of method shoulddepend on the factors involved in each specific situation. T
42、wocriteria should be used to guide the choice of the controlmeasures. The measure chosen must reduce employee expo-sure below the applicable safe limit and the control methodmust be reliable (14, 15). With these two factors met, otherfactors such as logistics, product quality, economics, morale,hous
43、ekeeping, and efficiency can then be incorporated into thedecision logic for choosing appropriate control measures.Respirators are also required for emergencies and for theperformance of nonroutine tests and duties that have thelikelihood of exceeding the PEL. Brush or roller application ofpaints do
44、es not normally require respiratory protective equip-ment for protection from airborne chromates.5.4.2 The Respiratory Protection Program must meet thegeneral requirements outlined in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134 andin ANSI Z88.2-1980, see Ref (16). This program shall includeinstructions on the proper selec
45、tion and use, including fittesting, cleaning and maintenance of respirators and air supplydevices. The fit test should be performed annually on allnegative pressure respirators. Either a quantitative or qualita-tive test is satisfactory (14, 15). The type of respirator requiredfor protection against
46、 known or expected concentration ofairborne chromate to be encountered is outlined in Table 2.5.4.3 Foot ProtectionIndustrial type leather shoes withsynthetic soles will provide ample protection under normaloperating and good housekeeping conditions. For wet opera-tions during cleanup of spills or w
47、hen conducting decontami-nation procedures, rubber or synthetic booties or pullover shoeprotection shall be worn, and thoroughly rinsed and driedbefore reuse. Shoes that are torn or show evidence of insidecontamination with chromate shall be disposed of properly.5.4.4 ClothingAny employee exposed to
48、 airborne levelsof chromium above the PEL or when the possibility of skin oreye irritation exists, should be supplied with appropriateprotective work clothing such as coveralls or similar full-bodywork clothes. See for example, ANSI Z87.1 for eye and faceprotection guidelines. Clean work clothing sh
49、ould be suppliedat least weekly to employees in these cases. All protectiveclothing must be removed at the completion of each work shiftin the change room provided for this purpose. Employeesexposed to chromium above the PEL should shower at the endof the work shift. Employees must not wear or take any of theprotective equipment off the work site. Care must be taken toprevent any cross contamination of street clothes.5.4.5 Hand ProtectionSuitable gloves to minimize skincontact shall be worn during operations where chromates arehandled and may contact skin. Hands sho
