1、Designation: E848 94 (Reapproved 2012)E848 94 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forSafety and Health Requirements Relating to OccupationalExposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended to provide guidance in the safe ha
3、ndling of certain chromate compounds thatare suspected to be carcinogenic in man (1-8).2 Precautions contained herein are believed to protectagainst possible carcinogenicity, and will also be sufficient to obviate any acute health hazards exceptwhere skin hypersensitivity is a factor. Other hazards
4、are considered and discussed.The time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) specified in this guide arebased on studies evaluated by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) (9). Epidemiological studies of the chromate producing industry have indicated tha
5、tobserved adverse health effects were associated with environmental levels and hygiene proceduresconsiderably less exacting than those recommended here (see Appendix X1).Hygiene controls and medical surveillance measures have been chosen to protect workers,recognizing that the potential for exposure
6、 will vary widely from industry to industry and between onelocation and another, depending on the compounds handled, scale of operations, kind of process, andphysical conditions.The key to maintaining chromate levels below the PEL is through implementation of cost effectiveengineering controls augme
7、nted as necessary by personal protective equipment, or work practicecontrols, or both. The choice of methods should depend upon the factors involved in each specificsituation.Biological monitoring is also recommended for lead chromate (see 7.4).All applicable federal, state, county and local regulat
8、ions must be complied with when this guideis used.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers control procedures for the safe production, storage, transportation, and handling of only the hexavalentchromium compounds found in Table 1 and their various hydrates, and mixtures of coprecipitates of the same regardles
9、s ofcrystalline form.1.2 This guide is not intended to cover (a) such “soluble” chromates as chromates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, orammonium; (b) soluble bichromates; (c) chromic acid; (d) volatile chromyl compounds; (e) any trivalent chromium compound;or (f) elemental chromium. Omission of sa
10、id compounds or classes of compounds should not be construed to mean that they maybe handled without due regard to their particular physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards (9, 10, 11).1.3 The chromate ion, CrO42, depending upon the acidity, complexes to form di-, tri-, and higher polychromates
11、; hence, thechromates listed in Table 1 may contain mixtures of polychromates, depending on the method of isolation and end use.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof whoever uses this standard to consult
12、and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific precautionary information see Section 5.)1 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicatio
13、ns and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2016. Published July 2012December 2016. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20062012 asE848 94 (2006).(2012). DOI: 10.1
14、520/E0848-94R12.10.1520/E0848-94R16.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of this guide.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becausei
15、t may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standards:3Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face ProtectionZ88.2 Practices for Respiratory ProtectionZ129.1 Precautionary Labeling for Hazardous Industrial Chemicals2.2 O
17、SHA Standards:429 CFR 1910.20 Access to Records29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection29 CFR 1910.1025 Lead2.3 NIOSH Publications:4“Certified Equipment,” HEW Publication No. 76-145“Recommended Industrial Ventilation Guidelines,” January 1976, HEW Publication No. 7
18、6-162“Criteria for a Recommended Standard Chromium (VI),” HEW Publication No. 76-1293. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 exposure area, nbuildings and exterior locations where insoluble chromates may be present as airborne particulates inexcess of the concentrations
19、 specified in 5.1.2, or where there is a likelihood of skin contact with chromate containing dust.3.1.2 insoluble, na relative term to distinguish the low-water solubility of the chromates listed in Table 1 from the much morewater-soluble chromates of sodium, potassium, and ammonia. The solubilities
20、 of lead chromates and calcium chromate are typicalof the lower and upper solubilities of the class (see Section 6).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readily soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate ION) withinthe range of the more soluble calci
21、um chromate and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupations involvingpotential exposure to insoluble chromates are in roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pigments, the manufactureof coatings containing chromate pigments, and spray painting with these coatings. There
22、is insufficient evidence to conclude thattrivalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic.5. General Requirements5.1 Environmental Levels:3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from U.S. Government Pri
23、nting Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.TABLE 1 Examples of Some Hexavalent Chromium CompoundsChemical Name Formula Color Index NameABarium chromate BaCrO4 Pigment Yellow 31Barium potassium chromate BaK3(CrO4)2
24、Pigment Yellow 31Basic copper chromate CuCrO4xCu(OH)2Not listedBasic cadmium chromate Cd2(OH)2CrO4 Pigment Yellow 44Basic lead chromate PbCrO4PbO Pigment Orange 21Bismuth basic dichromate Bi2O3CrO3 Pigment Red 103Calcium chromate CaCrO4 None assigned“Chromic chromate”(calcium chromate sinter)xCaO yC
25、r2O3zCrO3Pigment Yellow 33Not listedFerric chromate Fe2(CrO4)3 Pigment Yellow 45Basic ferric chromate Fe(OH)CrO4 Pigment Yellow 45Lead chromate PbCrO4 Pigment Yellow 34Lead molybdochromate PbCrO4PbMoO4 Pigment Red 104Potassium zinc chromate K2O 4ano4Cr4O3 Pigment Yellow 36Strontium chromate SrCrO4 P
26、igment Yellow 32Zinc chromate ZnCrO4 Pigment Yellow 36A For Classification, not Toxicology.E848 94 (2016)25.1.1 The following guide is designed to protect the health and safety of workers for an 8 to 10-h workday, 40-h workweek,over a working lifetime. The PEL can be met by techniques and controls t
27、hat reduce employee exposure below the applicable safelimit. These controls must be reliable. Permissible exposure limits are based on the 1985 ACGIH recommended Threshold LimitValues (TLV) for chromates of lead and zinc and for chromite-ore processing (12).55.1.2 PELOccupational exposure to any of
28、the compounds listed in Table 1 shall be controlled to a TWA of 0.05 mg/m3 (asChromium) for an 8-h workday.5.1.3 At least one full-shift (80 % of the shift length) personal sample should be taken for each job classification and each workarea involving insoluble chromates. These samples shall be repr
29、esentative of a monitored employees regular daily exposure toinsoluble chromates, and may be used to represent the exposure of all employees in that job assignment. One sample may not besufficient for an adequate characterization. For further guidance and appropriate control objectives see 5.6, 6.2,
30、 and 7.3.5.2 Medical Surveillance:5.2.1 ExaminationsIndividuals who are currently, or who are expected to be employed in exposure areas (see 3.1) shall begiven preplacement and annual medical examinations that shall include, but not necessarily be limited to the following:5.2.1.1 Work History, to el
31、icit information on all past exposures to any hexavalent chromium compounds or other toxicsubstances, particularly those affecting lung function.5.2.1.2 Periodic Medical Examination, consisting of at least the following: Completion of a health history questionnaire withattention given to smoking his
32、tory, posterior-anterior chest X-ray, complete blood count or red cell count and hemoglobin, andpulmonary function studies (FVC, FEV 1.0 and FEV 1.0/FVC).5.2.2 Medical examinations shall be made available to workers with symptoms of skin or upper respiratory tract irritation at thetime the symptoms
33、are first observed or reported.5.2.3 ManagementProper medical management shall be provided promptly for workers adversely affected by exposure toinsoluble chromates. The cause of any excessive exposure shall be sought without delay, and corrective action initiated. Aphysician shall determine if sens
34、itized individuals should be excluded from jobs with a risk of exposure.5.2.4 First Aid:5.2.4.1 IngestionInduce vomiting promptly and obtain prompt medical attention. “Advice to physicians: Administer 500 to1000 mg ascorbic acid IV as promptly as possible, followed by oral Vitamin C, 5 to 10 g/day u
35、ntil risk of kidney failure hasceased,” (13).5.2.4.2 Chromium Contamination of Open WoundsFlush thoroughly for 15 min with water and seek medical attention.5.2.4.3 Eye IrritationFlush thoroughly with copious quantities of water for 15 min and seek medical attention.5.3 Labeling and Posting:5.3.1 War
36、ning SignsIn areas where insoluble chromate concentrations in the atmosphere are likely to exceed the standard,appropriate warning signs, barricades, or work practices should be used to restrict access to unauthorized persons. The sign mustalert anyone entering the area as to what action should be t
37、aken.5.3.2 Container LabelsAll containers (bag, barrel, box, can, drum, reaction vessel, storage tanks, but not pipe or pipe lines)should be labeled, tagged, or marked with the following information:5.3.2.1 The Identity of the Material(s)Identity means any chemical or common name(s), code name or nu
38、mber, or brand name,that is indicated on the material safety data sheet for the chemical.5.3.2.2 Batch process sheets, batch tickets, operating procedures, or other such written materials are acceptable alternatives toindividual labels as long as the appropriate identity is readily accessible to emp
39、loyees.5.3.2.3 Portable containers for immediate use need not be labeled.5.3.3 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)(SDS)The MSDSSDS or equivalent is the primary source of the safety and healthinformation. The chemical identification and MSDSSDS for all insoluble chromates used in the workplace must be
40、made readilyaccessible to all employees. The MSDSSDS in conjunction with the identity on the label and employee training will convey thehazard(s) (both physical and health) determination for the chromate compounds. Information on the MSDSSDS must include:5.3.3.1 The OSHA PEL and the ACGIH TLV.5.3.3.
41、2 Astatement to that effect if the chromate has been identified as a suspect carcinogen by the NationalToxicology Program(NTP), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), OSHA, or the employer.5.3.4 Finished Product Labels, are the responsibility of the manufacturer based on his knowled
42、ge of the end use of his uniqueproducts. However, the label should be in agreement with the recommendations of ANSI Z129.1. Any applicable governmentalregulation must be followed.5.4 Personal Protective Equipment:5.4.1 Respiratory ProtectionEach employeesemployees personal work environment shall be
43、maintained at a safe exposurelevel through implementation of cost effective engineering controls, augmented as necessary by personal protective equipment orwork practice controls, or both. The choice of method should depend on the factors involved in each specific situation. Two criteriashould be us
44、ed to guide the choice of the control measures. The measure chosen must reduce employee exposure below the5 Committee on Industrial Ventilation, Documentation of TLVs, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, 1985.E848 94 (2016)3applicable safe limit and the control method must be r
45、eliable (14, 15). With these two factors met, other factors such as logistics,product quality, economics, morale, housekeeping, and efficiency can then be incorporated into the decision logic for choosingappropriate control measures. Respirators are also required for emergencies and for the performa
46、nce of nonroutine tests and dutiesthat have the likelihood of exceeding the PEL. Brush or roller application of paints does not normally require respiratory protectiveequipment for protection from airborne chromates.5.4.2 The Respiratory Protection Program must meet the general requirements outlined
47、 in OSHA29 CFR 1910.134 and inANSIZ88.2-1980, see Ref (16). This program shall include instructions on the proper selection and use, including fit testing, cleaningand maintenance of respirators and air supply devices. The fit test should be performed annually on all negative pressurerespirators. Ei
48、ther a quantitative or qualitative test is satisfactory (14, 15). The type of respirator required for protection againstknown or expected concentration of airborne chromate to be encountered is outlined in Table 2.5.4.3 Foot ProtectionIndustrial type leather shoes with synthetic soles will provide a
49、mple protection under normal operatingand good housekeeping conditions. For wet operations during cleanup of spills or when conducting decontamination procedures,rubber or synthetic booties or pullover shoe protection shall be worn, and thoroughly rinsed and dried before reuse. Shoes that aretorn or show evidence of inside contamination with chromate shall be disposed of properly.TABLE 2 Protection Factors for Particulate Filter RespiratorsNOTE 1This table is based on Refs (17, 18, 19) and ANSI Z88.2.Concen-trations inMultiplesofPermis-sibleExposureLimitsAFa
