1、Designation:E99711 Designation: E997 12Standard Test Method forStructural Performance of Glass in Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of UniformStatic Loads by Destructive Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E997; the number immediately following the
2、 designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is a pro
3、cedure to determine if the probability of breakage of glass specimens tested is significantly greaterthan, significantly less than, or not significantly different than the specified probability of breakage when exposed to a specifieddesign load. It is not intended to be a design standard for determi
4、ning the load resistance of glass. Practice E1300 shall be usedfor this purpose.1.2 This test method describes apparatus and procedures to select and apply a proof load to glass specimens, to determine thenumber of glass specimens to be tested, and to evaluate statistically the probability of breaka
5、ge.This test method may be conductedusing the standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the users design.1.3 Proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement and an understanding ofrecommended glazing practices.1.4 The values stated in inch-
6、pound units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulator
7、ylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of E06.51 on Performance of Windows,Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition ap
8、proved Nov.April 15, 2011.2012. Published December 2011.May 2012. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asE99701(2009).E997 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0997-112.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wh
9、at changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered th
10、e official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings3. Terminolog
11、y3.1 Definitions:3.1.13.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to building construction used in this test method refer to Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of variation, nratio of the standard deviation of the breakage load to the mean breakag
12、e load.3.1.23.2.2 equivalent design load, nthe specified uniform design load converted to specified duration (see 4.2).3.1.33.2.3 glass specimen, nthe glass to be tested, for example, a single pane, an insulating glass unit, laminated glass, etc. (doesnot include test frame).3.1.43.2.4 glass specime
13、n breakage, nthe fracture or cracking of any glass component of a glass specimen.3.1.53.2.5 negative load, nan outward-acting load that results in the indoor side of a glass specimen being the high-pressure side.3.1.63.2.6 positive load, nan inward-acting load that results in the outdoor side of a g
14、lass specimen being the high-pressure side.3.1.73.2.7 probability of breakage, nthe probability that a glass specimen will break when tested at a given load. General industrypractice is to express the probability of breakage as lites per 1000 lites.3.1.83.2.8 proof load, na magnitude of uniform load
15、 at which glass specimens shall be tested.3.1.93.2.9 proof load factor, a, nthe constant which, when multiplied by the design load, determines the proof load.3.1.103.2.10 specifying authority, nprofessional(s) responsible for determining and furnishing information required to perform thetest.4. Summ
16、ary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of individually glazing glass specimens in a test frame that is mounted into or against one faceof a test chamber and supplying air to, or exhausting air from, the test chamber so that each glass specimen is exposed to a specifiedduration proof load. L
17、oad-time records shall be kept for each glass specimen. Each glass specimen break shall be recorded.4.2 After testing the required number of glass specimens, it is determined if the probability of breakage is significantly less than,significantly greater than, or not significantly different than the
18、 specified probability of breakage.5. Significance and Use5.1 Glass specimens to be tested shall be mounted in a standard test frame with four sides supported, or in a test frame designedto represent specific glazing conditions.5.1.1 Astandard test frame shall be used when it is desired to evaluate
19、the probability of breakage of glass specimens with edgesupport conditions held constant.5.1.2 A test frame designed to represent a specific glazing condition shall be used when it is desired to evaluate the probabilityof breakage of glass specimens in the specified glazing system.5.2 Loads on glass
20、 in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration.Any load (wind,snow, etc.) that can be transformed into a 60-sspecific duration equivalent uniform design load can be considered. Loadtransformation techniques are addressed in the literature (1, 2, 3).35.3
21、The strength of glass varies with many different factors including surface condition, load duration, geometry, relativehumidity, and temperature (4). A thorough understanding of those strength variations is required to interpret results of this testmethod.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM
22、 website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.E997 1226.
23、Apparatus6.1 The description of apparatus is general in nature. Any equipment capable of performing the test procedure within theallowable tolerances is permitted.6.2 Major Components:6.2.1 Test Frame, in which glass specimens are mounted for testing. The test frame shall provide either standardized
24、 supportconditions or specified support conditions. Specifications of standardized support conditions are presented in Annex A1.6.2.2 Test Chamber, sealed, with an opening in which or against which the test frame is installed. At least one static pressuretap shall be provided to measure the test cha
25、mber pressure and shall be so located that the reading is minimally affected by thevelocity of the air supply to or from the test chamber or any air movement. The air supply opening into the test chamber shall bearranged so that the air does not impinge directly on the glass specimen with any signif
26、icant velocity. A means of access into thetest chamber may be provided to facilitate adjustments and observations after the specimen has been installed.6.2.3 Air System, a controllable blower, compressed air supply, exhaust system, reversible blower, or other device designed toapply the proof load t
27、o the glass specimen with required control.6.2.4 Pressure Measuring Apparatus, to record continuous test chamber pressures within an accuracy of 62%.6.2.5 Temperature Measuring Apparatus, to measure the ambient temperature within an accuracy of 61F (0.6C).6.2.6 Relative Humidity Apparatus , to measu
28、re the relative humidity within an accuracy of 62%.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Proper precautions to protect observers in the event of glass breakage should be observed. At the pressures used in this testmethod, considerable energy and hazard are involved. In cases of breakage, the hazard to personnel
29、is less with an exhaust system,as the specimen will tend to blow into rather than out of the test chamber. Personnel should not be permitted in such chambersduring tests.8. Sampling and Glass Specimens8.1 Surface condition, cutting, fabrication, and packaging of the glass specimens shall be represen
30、tative of the glass whosestrength is to be evaluated.8.2 All glass specimens shall be visually inspected for edge or surface irregularities prior to testing, and all questionable glassspecimens shall not be tested.8.3 Glass specimens shall be handled carefully at all times because the strength of gl
31、ass is influenced by its surface and edgeconditions.9. Calibration9.1 Pressure-measuring systems should be routinely checked. If calibration is required, the manufacturers recommendations orgood engineering practices should be followed.10. Required Information10.1 The specifying authority shall prov
32、ide the magnitude of the equivalent design load (positive or negative), the orientationof the glass specimen to the test chamber, the allowable probability of breakage for the glass specimens, and the coefficient ofvariation of the breakage loads typical of the glass specimens tested.10.2 The specif
33、ying authority shall state whether the glass specimens shall be glazed in a standard test frame (see Annex A1)or in a test frame designed to simulate a specific glazing system. If the test frame is to simulate a specific glazing system, completeglazing details and support conditions shall be provide
34、d by the specifying authority.11. Selection of Proof Load and Sample Size11.1 The glass specimens shall be tested with a proof load that is larger than the equivalent design load. The proof load is foundby multiplying the design load by the proof load factor, a, as follows:qp5 aqd(1)E0997-12_1where:
35、qp= proof load,a = proof load factor, andqd= equivalent design load.11.1.1 If the glass specimens are to be tested in a standard test frame, the proof load factor, a, is found in Tables 1-4, given theequivalent design load probability of breakage and the appropriate coefficient of variation, n. The
36、proof load factor, a,corresponding to the minimum sample size or the maximum capacity of the loading apparatus, shall be selected.11.1.2 If the glass specimens are to be tested in a test frame that is representative of a specific glazing system, the maximumallowable proof load that can be resisted b
37、y the test frame shall be determined using engineering principles. The proof load factor,a, is then determined by dividing the maximum allowable proof load by the equivalent design load. Tables 1-4 are then enteredE997 123with the calculated value of a, the specified coefficient of variation, n, and
38、 the equivalent design load probability of breakage todetermine the number of glass specimens to be tested. If the corresponding entry in Table 1 is blank, then the proof load factorshould be reduced to a value based upon a minimum sample size.11.2 Rationale to develop Tables 1-4 is presented in App
39、endix X1.TABLE 1 Required Sample Size (n = 0.10)Proof Load Factor, a1.2 1.3Equivalent Design LoadProbability of Breakage0.010 110.009 120.008 120.007 130.006 150.005 170.004 190.003 240.002 31 100.001 53A15ATesting is not recommended because of excess expense.TABLE 2 Required Sample Size (n = 0.15)P
40、roof Load Factor, a1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6Equivalent Design LoadProbability of Breakage0.010 150.009 160.008 18 100.007 20 110.006 22 120.005 26 130.004 31 150.003 40 19 110.002 55A26 140.001 106A47 24 13ATesting is not recommended because of excess expense.TABLE 3 Required Sample Size (n = 0.20)Proof Load
41、Factor, a1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2EquivalentDesign LoadProbability ofBreakage0.010 15 100.009 16 110.008 18 120.007 20 130.006 23 15 100.005 27 18 120.004 33 21 15 100.003 45 29 19 13 100.002 66A41 27 19 13 100.001 142A88A57A39 27 19 14 11ATesting is not recommended because of excess expense.T
42、ABLE 4 Required Sample Size (n = 0.25)Proof Load Factor, a1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0EquivalentDesign LoadProbability ofBreakage0.010 33 23 18 13 100.009 37 26 20 15 110.008 42 30 22 17 13 100.007 48 34 26 20 15 120.006 58A42 31 23 18 14 110.005 72A53A39 30 22 17
43、14 110.004 93A69A50A38 29 23 18 14 110.003 134A100A74A55A43 33 26 21 16 13 110.002 220A165A125A96A72A56A44 35 28 23 19 15 13 100.001 534A418A323A252A197A157A125A98A79A64A53A44 36 30 25 21ATesting is not recommended because of excess expense.E997 12412. Procedure12.1 Measure and record the ambient te
44、mperature and the relative humidity.12.2 Install glass specimens in the test frame in accordance with recommendations presented in Annex A1 for standard supportconditions or as specified for a specific glazing system.12.3 Apply one half of the proof load to the glass specimen and hold for 10 s. Redu
45、ce the test pressure to zero and vent thetest chamber for a period from 3 to 5 min before the pressure-measuring apparatus is adjusted to zero.12.4 If air leakage around the glass specimen is excessive, tape may be used to cover any cracks and joints through whichleakage is occurring. However, tape
46、shall not be used when there is a possibility that it will significantly restrict differentialmovement between the glass specimen and the test frame.12.5 Apply the proof load to the glass specimen in a period from 40 to 60 s, maintain the proof load for a specified period, andthen vent the test cham
47、ber. Continuous load-time records shall be kept for the duration of the loading.12.6 If the glass specimen does not break, remove it from the test frame, and discard it. Select a new glass specimen, and repeatprocedures in 12.2-12.5. If the glass specimen does break, record the break and continue.12
48、.7 Inspect the test frame for permanent deformation or other failures of principal members. If failure of the standard test frameoccurs, it shall be appropriately stiffened and strengthened and the test restarted. If failure occurs in a user specified test frame,the proof load shall be reduced or th
49、e test frame appropriately stiffened or strengthened and the test restarted.12.8 Select a new glass specimen and repeat procedures in 12.2-12.5.13. Interpretation of Results13.1 If no specimen breaks during the test, the probability of breakage at the equivalent design load is judged to be significantlyless than the specified probability of breakage.13.2 If more than four glass specimens break, the probability of breakage at the equivalent design load is judged to besignificantly greater than the specified probability of breakage.13.3 If one to four glass specim
