1、Designation: F 1930 00Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Flash Fire Simulations Using an InstrumentedManikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements andsubjective obser
3、vations that characterize the performance ofsingle layer garments or protective clothing ensembles in asimulated flash fire environment having controlled heat flux,flame distribution, and duration. This test method is extremelycomplex and requires a high degree of technical expertise inboth the test
4、 setup and operation.1.1.1 Heat transmitted to each sensor location on the surfaceof an instrumented manikin is converted to show the corre-sponding predicted degree of burn injury to human tissue.1.1.2 The sum of these values can then be converted to apercentage to show the total area of predicted
5、burn injury.1.1.2.1 Use of the predicted burn injury to evaluate the heattransferred to the manikin does not constitute a materialsperformance specification.1.1.3 The visual and physical changes to the single layergarment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding how the bu
6、rn injury results can be interpreted.1.2 The measurements obtained and observations noted canonly apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) testedusing the specified heat flux, duration, and flame distribution.1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describethe response of materials,
7、 products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions and should not be used todescribe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However,results of this test may be used as elements of a fire-hazardassessment or a fir
8、e-risk assessment which takes into accountall of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the firehazard or fire risk of a particular end use.1.4 This test method is a fire-test-response test method.1.5 The values stated in customary units are to be regardedas standard. The values given i
9、n parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulat
10、orylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 AATCC Standard:Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic HomeLaundering of
11、Woven and Knit Fabrics32.3 Canadian Standards:CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Colour-fastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Launder-ing of Textiles4CAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 burn injury, nburn damage that occurs at vario
12、uslevels of depth within human tissue.3.1.1.1 Discussionburn injury in human tissue occurswhen the tissue is heated and kept at an elevated temperaturefor a critical period of time. The amount of burn injury, first,second, or third-degree, depends upon both the level of theelevated temperature and t
13、he duration of time.3.1.2 flame distribution, nin the flash fire testing ofclothing, a spatial distribution of incident flames from testfacility burners to provide a controlled heat flux over themanikin surface.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 onProtective Clothing a
14、nd is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.80 onInstrumented Manikin Test.Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originallypublished as F 1930 99. Last previous edition F 1930 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
15、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, POBox 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.4Available from Standards Counc
16、il of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConnor St.,Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 instrumented manikin, na model representing anadult-size human and fitted with sensors on the surface for usein t
17、esting.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe instrumented manikin used inflash fire testing of clothing is fitted with at least 100 heatsensors, excluding hands and feet.3.1.4 predicted total area of burn injury, nin the flash firetesting of clothing, the sum of areas represented by the sensorsthat calculate at lea
18、st a second degree burn injury.3.1.5 second-degree burn injury, nirreversible burn dam-age at the epidermis/dermis interface in human tissue. (Syn-onym second-degree burn)3.1.6 second-degree burn injury area, nin the flash firetesting of clothing, the sum of the areas represented by sensorsthat calc
19、ulate a burn injury at the epidermis/dermis interface inhuman tissue. (Synonym second-degree burn area)3.1.7 heat sensor, na device capable of measuring inci-dent heat to the manikins surface under test conditions andcreating data that can be processed by a computer program toassess burn injury.3.1.
20、8 thermal protection, nthe property that characterizesthe overall performance of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it prevents the transfer of heat that issufficient enough to cause burn injury.3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn flash fire testing of clothing, thermalprotection of a garment
21、 or ensemble and the consequentialpredicted burn injury (second-degree or third-degree), can bequantified by the measured sensor response that indicates howwell the garment or protective clothing ensemble blocks heatfrom the manikin surface. In addition to the measured sensorresponse, the physical r
22、esponse and degradation is an observ-able phenomenon that can be correlated to the sensor calcula-tions and is useful in understanding garment or protectiveclothing ensemble thermal protection.3.1.9 third-degree burn injury, nthe irreversible burndamage at the dermis/subcutaneous interface in human
23、tissue(Synonym third-degree burn).3.1.10 third-degree burn injury area, nin the flash firetesting of clothing, the sum of the areas represented by sensorsthat calculate a burn injury at the dermis/subcutaneous inter-face in human tissue. (Synonym third-degree burn area)3.1.11 For definitions of othe
24、r protective clothing relatedterms used in this test method, refer to Terminology F 1494.For definitions for other textile related terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test method evaluates the protective performance ofthe materials of constructi
25、on and design of the test specimen,which is either a garment or an ensemble. The test specimen isplaced on an adult-size manikin at ambient atmosphericconditions and exposed to a laboratory flash fire simulationwith controlled heat flux, duration, and flame distribution. Thetest procedure, data acqu
26、isition, results calculations, and prepa-ration of the test report are performed with computer hardwareand software programs. Heat, which is transferred through thetest specimen during and after the exposure, is measured bysensors. These measurements are used to calculate the second-degree, third-de
27、gree, and total burn injury areas resulting fromthe flash fire exposure. Identification of the test specimen, testconditions, comments and remarks about the test purpose, andresponse of the test specimen to the exposure are recorded andare included as part of the report. The performance of the tests
28、pecimen is indicated by the calculated burn injury area and theway the specimen responds to the test exposure.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to measure and comparethe thermal protection provided by different materials, gar-ments, clothing ensembles, and systems.5.2 This test
29、 method provides a measurement of garmentand clothing ensemble performance on a stationary uprightmanikin.5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a qualityassurance test.5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are notaddressed in this test method.5.3 The measurement of the thermal prote
30、ction provided byclothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus andtechniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scopeto establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-tures from the instructions in this test method may lead tosignificantly different test results.
31、 Technical knowledge con-cerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices isneeded to evaluate if, and which, departures from the instruc-tions given in this test method are significant. Standardizationof the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need forsuch technical knowledge.
32、 Any departures should be reportedwith the results.6. Apparatus6.1 Instrumented ManikinAn upright manikin that is inthe shape and size of an adult male human form shall be used.(see Fig. 1)6.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructedwith a head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, leg
33、s,and feet. The manikins dimensions should correspond to thoserequired for standard sizes of garments because deviations in fitwill affect the results. A male manikin consisting of the sizesgiven in Table 1 has been found satisfactory to evaluategarments or protective ensembles.6.1.2 The manikin sho
34、uld be constructed of flame resistant,thermally stable, nonmetallic materials.6.2 Apparatus for Burn Injury Assessment:6.2.1 Manikin ConstructionAt least 100 heat sensors shallbe distributed as uniformly as possible in each area on themanikin as given in Table 2.6.2.2 Heat sensor constructionEach he
35、at sensor shallhave the capacity to measure the incident heat flux over a rangefrom 0.0 to 4.0 cal/cm2s (167 kW/m2). This range permits theuse of the sensors to set the exposure level by directly exposingthe manikin to the flames in a test without the garment and alsohaving the capability to measure
36、 the heat transfer to themanikin with exposure of the test garment or protectiveclothing ensemble.6.2.2.1 The sensors shall be constructed of a material withknown thermal characteristics that can be used to indicate heatflux and temporal variation received by the sensors. The outerF1930002surface sh
37、all be covered with a thin layer of flat black hightemperature paint. The minimum response time for the sensorsshall be # 0.1 s.6.2.2.2 The calibration constants determined in 10.2.1.4 foreach sensor shall be recorded, and the most recent calibrationresults used to carry out the burn injury analysis
38、.6.3 Heat Flux Calibration SensorA device5, which istraceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), for measuring heat flux directly and accurately.6.4 Data Acquisition SystemA system shall be providedwith the capability of acquiring and storing the results of themeasurement f
39、rom each sensor at least once per 0.5 s for thedata acquisition period.6.5 Burn Assessment ProgramA computer software pro-gram that has the capability of receiving the output of thesensors, calculating the heat flux, and predicting the burn injurylevel at each sensor, and the total predicted burn in
40、jury area asa result of the thermal exposure shall be utilized (seeAnnexA1and Annex A2).6.5.1 Incident Heat CalculationThe incident heat shall bedetermined with exposure to the nude manikin by a computersoftware program. The value reported is the average of the areaweighted averages for each of the
41、sensors covered by the testgarment for the exposure duration.6.5.2 Burn Injury CalculationThe time predicted to causesecond-degree and third-degree burn injury for each sensorshall be calculated.6.5.3 Burn Injury AssessmentThe sum of the areas repre-sented by the sensors that received sufficient hea
42、t to result in acalculated second-degree burn shall be the second-degreepercentage burn area assessment. The sum of the area repre-sented by the sensors that received sufficient heat to result in acalculated third-degree burn shall be the third-degree percent-age burn area assessment. The sum of the
43、se two areas shall bethe total percentage burn injury assessment resulting from theexposure to the flash fire condition.6.6 Exposure ChamberA ventilated, fire-resistant enclo-sure with viewing windows and access door(s) shall beprovided to contain the manikin and exposure apparatus.6.6.1 Chamber Siz
44、eThe chamber size shall be sufficient toprovide a uniform flame exposure over the surface of the testgarment and shall have sufficient space to allow safe movementaround the manikin for dressing without accidentally jarringand displacing the burners. A chamber with minimum interiordimensions of 7.0
45、by 7.0 by 8.0 ft (2.1 by 2.1 by 2.4 m) hasbeen found satisfactory.6.6.2 Chamber Air FlowThe unaided air flow within thechamber shall be sufficient to permit the combustion processneeded for the required heat flux during the exposure time andshall be controlled to provide a quiet atmosphere for the d
46、ataacquisition period, and the forced air exhaust system shall besufficient for rapid removal of combustion gas products afterthe data acquisition period. Openings to the exterior of the test5Combination total calorimeter/radiometer Model No. C-1803-A-15-072 fromHyCal Engineering, 12105 Los Nietos R
47、d., Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670.FIG. 1 Instrumented ManikinTABLE 1 Measurements for Male ManikinMeasurement Location Inches CentimetresTotal height 71 6 0.5 180.3 6 1.3Chest circumference at largest value 40.5 6 0.75 102.9 6 1.9Center of base of rear neck to wrist measuredacross shoulder and along ou
48、tside of arm.31.25 6 1.0 79.46 2.5Top of shoulder to wrist along arm 24 6 1.0 61 6 2.5Arm circumference at largest diameter betweenshoulder and elbow12 6 0.25 30.5 6 .6Waist circumference at narrowest position 33.5 6 0.5 85 6 1.3Crotch to ankle bone along the inside of the leg 34 6 1.0 86.4 6 2.5Hip
49、s circumference at the largest dimension 40 6 0.75 101.6 6 1.9Base of center of rear neck to waist 16.75 6 0.75 42.5 6 1.9Waist to base of heel 45.5 6 2 115.6 6 5.0Thigh circumference at largest dimension betweencrotch and knee23 6 0.5 58.4 6 1.3TABLE 2 Sensor DistributionBody Area PercentHead 7Trunk 40Arms 16Thighs 22Legs 15Hands/Feet 0100F1930003chamber may be required for the passive supply of adequateamounts of air for complete combustion of the fuel during theexposure.6.6.2.1 Static ConditionsThe chamber shall be isolatedfrom air movement other
