1、Designation: F 739 07Standard Test Method forPermeation of Liquids and Gases through ProtectiveClothing Materials under Conditions of Continuous Contact1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of liquid and ga
3、seous chemicals can beexposed to numerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. Thedeleterious effects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma such as skin irritation and burn, tochronic degenerative disease such as cancer. Since engineering controls may not elim
4、inate all possibleexposures, attention is often placed on reducing the potential for direct skin contact through the useof protective clothing that resists permeation, penetration, and degradation.This test method is used to measure the permeation of liquids and gases through protective clothingmate
5、rials under the conditions of continuous contact of the clothing material by the challengechemical. Resistance to permeation under the condition of intermittent contact with the challengechemical should be determined by Test Method F 1383. In certain situations, the permeation of liquidsthrough prot
6、ective clothing materials can be measured using a permeation cup following Test MethodF 1407. Penetration of liquids should be determined by Test Method F 903. An undesirable change inthe physical properties of protective clothing materials is called degradation. Procedures for measuringthe degradat
7、ion of rubbers, plastics, and coated fabrics are found in Test Method D 471, Test MethodD 543, and Test Method D 751, respectively. A starting point for selecting the chemicals to be usedin assessing the chemical resistance of clothing materials is Guide F 1001.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures
8、the permeation of liquids andgases through protective clothing materials under the conditionof continuous contact.1.2 This test method is designed for use when the challengechemical is a gas or a liquid, where the liquid is either volatile(that is, having a vapor pressure greater than 1 mm Hg at 25C
9、)or soluble in water or another liquid that does not interact withthe clothing material.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
10、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical Re
11、agentsD 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsE 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning andTesting Flexible Barrier MaterialsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM
12、Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothi
13、ng and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 739 99a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
14、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.F 1001 Guide for S
15、election of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-tective Clothing MaterialsF 1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of ChemicalPermeation Testing of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-ingF 1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuous Co
16、ntactF 1407 Test Method for Resistance of Chemical ProtectiveClothing Materials to Liquid PermeationPermeation CupMethodF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 6529 Protective ClothingDetermination of Resis-tance of Protective Clothing Materials to Permeation byLiquids
17、 and Gases33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 analytical technique, na procedure whereby theconcentration of the challenge chemical in a collection mediumis quantitatively determined.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese techniques are often specific toindividual chemical and collection medium combinations.Appli
18、cable techniques include, but are not limited to, flameionization, photo ionization, electro-chemical, ultraviolet andinfrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid chromatography,colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes, and radionuclidetagging/detection counting.3.1.2 breakthrough detection time, n
19、the elapsed timemeasured from the start of the test to the sampling time thatimmediately precedes the sampling time at which the challengechemical is first detected.3.1.2.1 Discussion(See Fig. 6.) The breakthrough detec-tion time is dependent on the sensitivity of the method (seeAppendix X1).3.1.3 c
20、hallenge chemical, nthe liquid or gas that is used tochallenge the protective clothing material specimen.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe liquid or gas may be either onecomponent (for example, a neat liquid or gas) or have severalcomponents (for example, a mixture).3.1.4 closed-loop, adjrefers to a testing mod
21、e in whichthe collection medium volume is fixed.3.1.5 collection medium, na liquid, gas, or solid thatabsorbs, adsorbs, dissolves, suspends, or otherwise captures thechallenge chemical and does not affect the measured perme-ation.3.1.6 degradation, na deleterious change in one or moreproperties of a
22、 material.3.1.6.1 DiscussionFor protective clothing materials,changes in physical properties are typically of most interest.3.1.7 minimum detectable mass permeated, nthe smallestmass of permeant that is detectable with the complete perme-ation test system.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis value is not necessar
23、ily the sensi-tivity of the analytical instrument.3.1.8 minimum detectable permeation rate, nthe lowestrate of permeation that is measurable with the completepermeation test system.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThis value is not necessarily the sensi-tivity of the analytical instrument.3.1.9 open loop, adjrefer
24、s to a testing mode in whichfresh collection medium flows continuously through the col-lection chamber of the test cell.3.1.10 penetration, nfor a protective clothing material oritem, the process by which a substance moves through clo-sures, seams, interstices, and pinholes or other imperfectionson
25、a non-molecular level.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rdSt.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation Test CellF7390723.1.10.1 DiscussionThe substance may be a solid, liquid,gas, or biological species.3.1.11 permeation, nthe proces
26、s by which a chemicalmoves through a protective clothing material on a molecularlevel.3.1.11.1 DiscussionPermeation involves the following:(1) sorption of molecules of the chemical into the contacted(challenge side) surface of the material, (2) diffusion of thesorbed molecules in the material, and (
27、3) desorption of themolecules from the opposite (collection side) surface of thematerial.3.1.12 protective clothing material, nany element, con-stituent, or substance from which protective clothing is com-posed or can be made.3.1.13 standardized breakthrough time, nthe time atwhich the permeation ra
28、te reaches 0.1 g/cm2/min.3.1.14 steady-state permeation, nthe constant rate ofpermeation that occurs after breakthrough when the chemicalcontact is continuous and all forces affecting permeation havereached equilibrium.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The permeation of chemical(s) through a protectivecl
29、othing material is assessed by measuring the breakthroughdetection time, standardized breakthrough time, and subse-quent permeation rate through replicate specimens of thematerial.4.2 In the permeation test apparatus, the protective clothingmaterial specimen partitions the challenge chemical from th
30、ecollection medium.4.2.1 The collection medium is analyzed quantitatively forits concentration of the challenge chemical and thereby theFIG. 2 Alternative Permeation Test Cell DesignFIG. 3 Example Set-up for Continuous Collecting Medium Sample Withdrawal, Analysis, and ReturnF739073amount of that ch
31、emical that has permeated the barrier as afunction of time after its initial contact with the material.4.2.2 By either graphical representation or appropriate cal-culations, or both, the breakthrough detection time, standard-ized breakthrough time, and the permeation rate of the chal-lenge chemical
32、are determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is normally used to evaluate flatspecimens from finished items of protective clothing and frommaterials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves,arm shields, aprons, suit
33、s, hats, boots, respirators, and the like.5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encom-passes seamed or other discontinuous regions as well as theusual continuous regions of protective clothing items.5.2 The breakthrough detection time, standardized break-through time, and permeation rate
34、are key measures of theeffectiveness of a clothing material as a barrier to the challengechemical. Such information is used in the comparison ofclothing materials during the process of selecting clothing forprotection from hazardous chemicals. Long breakthrough de-tection times and standardized brea
35、kthrough detection timesand low permeation rates are characteristics of better barriers.NOTE 1At present, no quantitative information exists about accept-able levels of dermal contact. Therefore, the data obtained using this testmethod cannot be used to infer safe exposure levels.5.3 The sensitivity
36、 of the test method in detecting lowpermeation rates or amounts of the challenge chemical thatpermeate is determined by the combination of the analyticaltechnique and collection system selected, and the ratio ofmaterial specimen area to collection medium volume or flowrate.5.3.1 The analytical techn
37、ique employed should be capableof measuring the concentration of the challenge chemical in thecollection medium at, or below, levels consistent with stan-dardized breakthrough time value specified in 3.1.13 and at, orabove, the steady-state permeation rate.5.3.2 Often permeation tests will require m
38、easurement ofthe challenge chemical over several orders of magnitude inconcentration, requiring adjustments in either the samplecollection volume or concentration/dilution, or the analyticalinstrument settings over the course of the test.5.3.3 Higher ratios of material specimen area to collectionmed
39、ium volume or flow rate permit earlier detection ofbreakthrough and detection of lower permeation rates becausehigher concentrations of the challenge chemical in the collec-tion medium will develop in a given time period, relative tothose that would occur at lower ratios.5.4 Comparison of results re
40、quires specific information onthe test cell, procedures, and analytical techniques. Resultsobtained from closed-loop and open-loop testing may not bedirectly comparable.5.4.1 The sensitivity of an open-loop system is character-ized by its minimum detectable permeation rate. A method fordetermining t
41、his value is presented in Appendix X1.5.4.2 The sensitivity of a closed-loop system is character-ized by its minimum detectable mass permeated.5.5 A group of chemicals for use in permeation testing isgiven in Guide F 1001.5.6 These test procedures are also a part of ISO 6529.ISO 6529 provides a harm
42、onized standard that also permitsusing some practices commonly followed in Europe for per-meation testing, for example, using a breakthrough timenormalized at a permeation rate of 1.0 g/cm2/min instead of0.1g/cm2/min as used in this method. For this reason, thereporting of all permeation data must i
43、nclude the method thatis used in the testing. Guide F 1194 provides guidance onreporting permeation test results.6. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Gauge, suitable for measuring thicknesses tothe nearest 0.02 mm (or the nearest 0.001 in.), as specified inTest Method D 1777, shall be used to determine the thi
44、cknessof each protective clothing material specimen tested.6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to 60.5mg, shall be used to determine weight per unit area of each testspecimen.6.3 Test Cell, the test apparatus consists of a two-chamberedcell for contacting the specimen with the challeng
45、e chemical onFIG. 4 Example Set-up for Continuous Flow of Fresh Collecting MediumF739074the specimens normally outside surface and with a collectionmedium on the specimens normally inside surface.6.3.1 Liquid Challenge Chemical, for liquid chemicals, thetest cell,4shown in Fig. 1, is constructed of
46、two sections ofstraight glass pipe, each nominally sized to a 25.4-mm (1.0-in.)diameter.5Materials other than glass may be used. Suchmaterials would be required for tests involving chemicals (forexample, hydrofluoric acid) which are incompatible with glass.The section that is designated to contain t
47、he challenge chemicalis 25.4 mm (1.0 in.) in length. The second section, which isdesignated to contain the collection medium, is 32 mm (1.2 in.)or less in length.6.3.1.1 The open end of each chamber is flared to create aflange that facilitates clamping the chambers together.6.3.1.2 Inlet and outlet
48、ports, with stopcock valves, ifdesired, are added to each chamber to enable the introductionand withdrawal of challenge chemical and collection medium,if appropriate. The collection medium inlet tube should directthe collection medium directly towards the center of theclothing material specimen. The
49、 inside diameter of tubing,ports, stopcocks, etc. should be at least 2 mm (0.08 in.) toprevent undesirable pressure differences in the system.6.3.1.3 Each chamber may also be equipped with a straightbore, standard taper spout. This spout may be useful for addingand removing challenge chemical and collection medium. Thespouts may also be used to introduce stirrers into the chambers.6.3.1.4 Upon assembly, the clothing material is clampedbetween the two chambers by means of a yoke having at leastthree bolts.6Two PTFE gaskets having smooth, rounded edges
