1、Designation: F739 12Standard Test Method forPermeation of Liquids and Gases through ProtectiveClothing Materials under Conditions of Continuous Contact1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of liquid and gaseous c
3、hemicals can beexposed to numerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. Thedeleterious effects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma such as skin irritation and burn, tochronic degenerative disease such as cancer. Since engineering controls may not eliminate a
4、ll possibleexposures, attention is often placed on reducing the potential for direct skin contact through the useof protective clothing that resists permeation, penetration, and degradation.This test method is used to measure the permeation of liquids and gases through protective clothingmaterials u
5、nder the conditions of continuous contact of the clothing material by the test chemical.Resistance to permeation under the condition of intermittent contact with the test chemical should bedetermined by Test Method F1383. In certain situations, the permeation of liquids through protectiveclothing ma
6、terials can be measured using a permeation cup following Test Method F1407. Penetrationof liquids should be determined by Test Method F903. An undesirable change in the physicalproperties of protective clothing materials is called degradation. Procedures for measuring thedegradation of rubbers, plas
7、tics, and coated fabrics are found in Test Method D471, Test MethodD543, and Test Method D751, respectively. A starting point for selecting the chemicals to be used inassessing the chemical resistance of clothing materials is Guide F1001.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the permeation of liquid
8、s andgases through protective clothing materials under the conditionof continuous contact.1.2 This test method is designed for use when the testchemical is a gas or a liquid, where the liquid is either volatile(that is, having a vapor pressure greater than 1 mm Hg at 25C)or soluble in water or anoth
9、er liquid that does not interact withthe clothing material.1.3 Values states in SI units are to be regarded as standard.Values given in parentheses are not exact equivalents and aregiven for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
10、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D471
11、Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE171 Practice for Conditioning and Te
12、sting Flexible BarrierPackagingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids1Th
13、is test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in
14、 2007 as F739 07. DOI:10.1520/F0739-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Interna
15、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Protec-tive Clothing MaterialsF1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of ChemicalPermeation Testing of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-ingF1383 Test Metho
16、d for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofIntermittent ContactF1407 Test Method for Resistance of Chemical ProtectiveClothing Materials to Liquid PermeationPermeationCup MethodF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2815 Practice for Chem
17、ical Permeation through ProtectiveClothing Materials: Testing Data Analysis by Use of aComputer Program2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 6529 Protective ClothingDetermination of Resis-tance of Protective Clothing Materials to Permeation byLiquids and Gases33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 analytical technique
18、, na procedure whereby theconcentration of the test chemical in a collection medium isquantitatively determined.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese techniques are often specific toindividual chemical and collection medium combinations.Applicable techniques include, but are not limited to, flameionization, photo
19、 ionization, electro-chemical, ultraviolet andinfrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid chromatography,colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes, and radionuclidetagging/detection counting.3.1.2 breakthrough detection time, nthe elapsed time mea-sured from the initial exposure to the test chemica
20、l to thesampling time that immediately precedes the sampling time atwhich the test chemical is first detected.3.1.2.1 Discussion(See Fig. 6.) The breakthrough detec-tion time is dependent on the sensitivity of the method (seeAppendix X1).3.1.3 closed-loop, adjrefers to a testing mode in whichthere i
21、s no change in the volume of the collection mediumexcept for sampling.3.1.4 collection medium, na liquid, gas, or solid thatabsorbs, adsorbs, dissolves, suspends, or otherwise captures thetest chemical and does not affect the measured permeation.3.1.5 cumulative permeation, nthe total mass of chemic
22、althat permeates a specific area of protective clothing materialduring a specified time from when the material is firstcontacted by the test chemical.3.1.6 degradation, na deleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.6.1 DiscussionFor protective clothing materials,changes in physica
23、l properties are typically of most interest.3.1.7 minimum detectable mass permeated, nthe smallestmass of test chemical that is detectable with the completepermeation test system.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis value is not necessarily the sensi-tivity of the analytical instrument.3.1.8 minimum detectable pe
24、rmeation rate, nthe lowestrate of permeation that is measurable with the completepermeation test system.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThis value is not necessarily the sensi-tivity of the analytical instrument.3.1.9 open loop, adjrefers to a testing mode in which freshcollection medium flows continuously throug
25、h the collectionchamber of the test cell.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rdSt.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation Test CellF739 1223.1.10 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through void
26、s in protective clothingmaterials or items on a non-molecular level.3.1.10.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes andimperfections in closures, seams, interfaces and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ifstate; solid chemicals move through voids in materials ass
27、olids, liquids as liquids and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.11 permeation, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovements of chemicals as molecules through protectiveclothing materials by the processes of (1) absorption of thechemical into the co
28、ntact surface of the materials, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.11.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration.3.1.12 protective clothing, nitem of clothing t
29、hat is spe-cifically designed and constructed for the intended purpose ofisolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.13 standardized breakthrough time, nthe time atwhich the permeation rate reach
30、es 0.1 g/cm2/min.FIG. 2 Alternative Permeation Test Cell DesignFIG. 3 Example Set-up for Continuous Collecting Medium Sample Withdrawal, Analysis, and ReturnF739 1233.1.14 steady-state permeation, nthe constant rate of per-meation that occurs after breakthrough when the chemicalcontact is continuous
31、 and all forces affecting permeation havereached equilibrium.3.1.15 test chemical, nthe solid, liquid, gas or mixturethereof, used to evaluate the performance of a protectiveclothing material.3.1.15.1 DiscussionThe liquid or gas may be either onecomponent (for example, a neat liquid or gas) or have
32、severalcomponents (for example, a mixture).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The permeation of chemical(s) through a protectiveclothing material is assessed by measuring the breakthroughdetection time, standardized breakthrough time, subsequentpermeation rate, and cumulative permeation over a period ofti
33、me through replicate specimens of the material.4.2 In the permeation test apparatus, the protective clothingmaterial specimen partitions the test chemical from the collec-tion medium.4.2.1 The collection medium is analyzed quantitatively forits concentration of the test chemical and thereby the amou
34、nt ofthat chemical that has permeated the barrier as a function oftime after its initial contact with the material.4.2.2 By either graphical representation, appropriatecalculations, or both, the breakthrough detection time, stan-dardized breakthrough time, and the permeation rate of the testchemical
35、 are determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is normally used to evaluate flatspecimens from finished items of protective clothing and frommaterials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves,arm shields, aprons, sui
36、ts, hats, boots, respirators, and the like.5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encom-passes seamed or other discontinuous regions as well as theusual continuous regions of protective clothing items.5.2 The breakthrough detection time, standardized break-through time, permeation rate, an
37、d cumulative permeation arekey measures of the effectiveness of a clothing material as abarrier to the test chemical. Such information is used in thecomparison of clothing materials during the process of select-ing clothing for protection from hazardous chemicals. Longbreakthrough detection times, l
38、ong standardized breakthroughdetection times, low amounts of cumulative permeation, andlow permeation rates are characteristics of better barriers.NOTE 1At present, only limited quantitative information exists aboutacceptable levels of dermal contact with most chemicals. Therefore, thedata obtained
39、using this test method cannot be used to infer safe exposurelevels.5.2.1 The reporting of a standardized breakthrough timegreater than a specific time period means that the test chemicalhas not permeated the specimen at a rate exceeding 0.1g/cm2/min in the designated time. Permeation may or may noth
40、ave occurred at a lower rate during this time interval.5.3 The sensitivity of the test method in detecting lowpermeation rates or amounts of the test chemical that permeateis determined by the combination of the analytical techniqueand collection system selected, and the ratio of materialspecimen ar
41、ea to collection medium volume or flow rate.5.3.1 The analytical technique employed should be capableof measuring the concentration of the test chemical in thecollection medium at, or below, levels consistent with thestandardized breakthrough time value specified in 3.1.13 andat, or above, the stead
42、y-state permeation rate.5.3.2 Often permeation tests will require measurement ofthe test chemical over several orders of magnitude inconcentration, requiring adjustments in either the samplecollection volume or concentration/dilution, or the analyticalinstrument settings over the course of the test.
43、5.3.3 Higher ratios of material specimen area to collectionmedium volume or flow rate permit earlier detection ofbreakthrough and detection of lower permeation rates andlevels of cumulative permeation because higher concentrationsFIG. 4 Example Set-up for Continuous Flow of Fresh Collecting MediumF7
44、39 124of the test chemical in the collection medium will develop in agiven time period, relative to those that would occur at lowerratios.5.4 Comparison of results requires specific information onthe test cell, procedures, and analytical techniques. Resultsobtained from closed-loop and open-loop tes
45、ting may not bedirectly comparable.5.4.1 The sensitivity of an open-loop system is character-ized by its minimum detectable permeation rate. A method fordetermining this value is presented in Appendix X1.5.4.2 The sensitivity of a closed-loop system is character-ized by its minimum detectable mass p
46、ermeated.5.5 A group of chemicals for use in permeation testing isgiven in Guide F1001.5.6 These test procedures are also a part of ISO 6529.ISO 6529 provides a harmonized standard that also permitsusing some practices commonly followed in Europe for per-meation testing, for example, using a breakth
47、rough timenormalized at a permeation rate of 1.0 g/cm2/min instead of0.1g/cm2/min as used in this method. For this reason, thereporting of all permeation data must include the method thatis used in the testing. Guide F1194 provides guidance onreporting permeation test results.6. Apparatus6.1 Thickne
48、ss Gauge, suitable for measuring thicknesses tothe nearest 0.02 mm (or the nearest 0.001 in.), as specified inTest Method D1777, shall be used to determine the thickness ofeach protective clothing material specimen tested.6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to 60.5mg, shall be used to
49、determine weight per unit area of each testspecimen.6.3 Test Cell, the test apparatus consists of a two-chamberedcell for contacting the specimen with the test chemical on thespecimens normally outside surface and with a collectionmedium on the specimens normally inside surface.NOTE 1Fig. 5 shows five types of permeation behavior. Type A, themost typical, where the permeation rate stabilizes at a “steady state” value.Type B behavior is due to the material specimen being structurallymodified by the chemical resulting in an increase or decrease
