1、Designation: F903 18Standard Test Method forResistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing toPenetration by Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F903; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of liquid chemicals can be exposed tonumerous comp
3、ounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleteriouseffects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma such as skin irritation and burn, to chronicdegenerative disease such as cancer. Since engineering controls may not eliminate all possibleexposures, attention is ofte
4、n placed on reducing the potential for direct skin contact through the useof protective clothing that resists permeation, penetration, and degradation.This test method determines resistance of protective clothing materials, seams, and closures toliquid penetration only. Resistance of protective clot
5、hing materials to permeation is determined by TestMethod F739 or F1383. While degradation resistance is not directly determined by this test method,the degradation of a material can be a contributing factor to the observed penetration of a liquid.Test Method F1359 assesses the liquid penetration of
6、full protective clothing items or ensembles ofclothing and equipment.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to test specimens of protectiveclothing materials, assemblies such as seams and closures, orinterfaces used in the construction of protective clothing. Theresistance to visible penetration of th
7、e test liquid is determinedwith the liquid in continuous contact with the normally outside(exterior) surface of the test specimen.1.2 This test method includes different procedures for main-taining the liquid in contact with the test specimen in terms ofthe length of exposure and the pressure applie
8、d. Suggestionsare provided for how to select an appropriate procedure forliquid contact.1.3 In some cases, significant amounts of hazardous mate-rials will permeate specimens that pass the penetration tests.For more sensitive analyses, use either Test Method F739 orF1383 to determine permeation.1.4
9、This test method does not address penetration of vaporsthrough protective clothing materials.1.5 This test method is not applicable to non-planar protec-tive clothing materials, interfaces, or assemblies such as thefingertips or crotch areas of gloves, which are possible failurepoints.1.6 This test
10、method does not address the liquid penetrationresistance of full protective clothing items or ensembles. UseTest Method F1359 for this purpose.1.7 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard does not
11、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazards are given
12、 in Section 7.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and
13、 is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F903 17. DOI: 10.1520/F0903-18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
14、shohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade O
15、rganization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materia
16、lsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsF104 Classification System for Nonmetallic Gasket Materi-alsF739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuous ContactF
17、1359 Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance ofProtective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under aShower Spray While on a MannequinF1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofIntermittent Contact2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 1951 Sta
18、ndard on Protective Ensembles for TechnicalRescue IncidentsNFPA 1952 Standard on Surface Water Operations Protec-tive Clothing and EquipmentNFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for StructuralFire Fighting and Proximity Fire FightingNFPA 1991 Standard of Vapor-Protective Ensembles forHazardous
19、Materials EmergenciesNFPA 1992 Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective En-sembles and Clothing for Hazardous Materials Emergen-cies2.3 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-spection by Attributes2.4 ANSI/ASQ Standard:5ANSI/ASQ Z1.4 Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-s
20、pection by Attributes2.5 ISO Standard:6ISO 2859-1 Sampling Plans for Inspection by Attributes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 degradation, na deleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.2 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through voids in
21、a protective clothingmaterial or items on a non-molecular level.3.1.2.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in closures, seams, and interfaces between pro-tective clothing items. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in the materia
22、l assolids, liquids as liquids, and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.3 permeation, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of chemicals as molecules through protective cloth-ing material or items by the processes of: (1) absorption of thechemi
23、cal into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.3.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration and does not require a void in the
24、material to occur.3.1.4 protective clothing, nan item of clothing that isspecifically designed and constructed for the intended purposeof isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.4.1 Discussio
25、nThe potential hazard addressed by thistest method is penetration by liquids.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Aprotective clothing specimen is placed in a specializedtest cell where its normal exterior side is contacted by a liquid.The interior side of the specimen is open to viewing and isobserved for
26、evidence of visible penetration of the liquid.4.2 This test method provides different procedures forlength of times and pressures applied by the liquid during itscontact with the specimen. For most procedures, the observa-tion of visible liquid penetration is indicated as a failing result.In one pro
27、cedure, the pressure is sequentially increased tospecified levels and the test result is the specific pressure whenvisible liquid penetration was observed. This test method alsoallows for other methods of liquid contact.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is normally used to evaluate the bar
28、riereffectiveness against penetration of liquids through materials,seams, closures, or other planar assemblies used in protectiveclothing and specimens from finished items of protectiveclothing.5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves,arm protectors, aprons, coveralls, suits, hoods
29、, boots, andsimilar items.5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” is per-mitted to include continuous regions of protective clothingitems as well as seamed or other discontinuous regions ofprotective clothing.5.1.3 The types of specimens are limited to those that arerelatively flat (planar)
30、 that are capable of being sealed in thetest cell specified in this test method without peripheralleakage.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standa
31、rds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.5Availa
32、ble from American Society for Quality (ASQ), 600 N. Plankinton Ave.,Milwaukee, WI 53203, http:/www.asq.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.F903 1
33、825.2 A substitute challenge liquid (for example, water orisopropanol) is appropriate in some cases to generalize materialpenetration resistance to liquids. However, it is possible thatdifferences in chemical and molecular properties (for example,surface tension) may lead to different results.5.3 In
34、 addition to the failure mode where a liquid finds apathway for penetration through a void, imperfection, or defectin material or clothing subassembly, some selected chemicalscause degradation of barrier material, film, or coating, leadingto penetration over extended periods of contact.75.4 Five dif
35、ferent procedures for how the specimen isexposed to the liquid are provided in Table 1. In this testmethod, all procedures involve liquid exposure that is continu-ous over the duration of the test. These procedures entaildifferent hydrostatic pressures and durations of liquid expo-sure.5.4.1 Procedu
36、res A, B, and C apply a set pressure (6.9 or13.8 kPa 1 or 2 psig) for a specified period of time (1 or10 min) over a 15- or 60-min liquid exposure time.5.4.2 Procedures A and B represent the originally estab-lished methods of liquid contact developed by the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety
37、and Health, where ProcedureA involves the application of a test pressure (13.8 kPa 2 psig)that has been found to discriminate the liquid barrier perfor-mance of materials, while a lower pressure (6.9 kPa 1 psig) isused for Procedure B to accommodate materials that exhibitballooning or extension when
38、 the 13.8 kPa (2 psig) pressure isapplied.8,9Both procedures entail exposure of the specimen for5 min at ambient pressure followed by 10 min of exposure ofthe specimen to the test pressure.5.4.3 Procedure C was developed to account for potentiallylonger exposures where failure may also occur as the
39、result ofmaterial or assembly degradation. Procedure C uses a 13.8 kPa(2 psig) test pressure for a portion of the test where thespecimen is first exposed to the liquid at ambient pressure for5 min, followed by 1 min at 13.8 kPa (2 psig), and continuingfor 54 additional minutes at ambient pressure.5.
40、4.4 Procedure D involves the sequential increase of pres-sure from ambient (0 kPa 0 psig) to 68.9 kPa (10 psig) inincrements of 3.5 kPa (0.5 psig) in 1-min intervals until liquidpenetration is observed at a specific test pressure. The timeinterval between changes in pressure is set at 1 min to coinc
41、idewith the time of applied pressure in Procedure C.5.4.5 Procedure E permits the test method user to specifythe pressures and duration of the specimens exposure to theliquid.5.5 Different results are reported by the different proce-dures.5.5.1 Procedures A, B, and C results are reported as “pass”or
42、 “fail” for each replicate. Passing results indicate that noliquid penetration was observed over the duration of the testexposure.5.5.2 Procedure D results are reported as the test pressure atwhich liquid penetration was observed for each replicate.5.6 The choice of pressure/time sequence and type o
43、f testresult are dependent on the objectives of the testing.5.6.1 Procedure C is specified in several different NationalFire Protection Association standards for establishing theminimum barrier performance of protective clothing materials,seams, and closures of first responder protective clothing.5.
44、6.2 Procedure D may be used when the pressure wherepenetration occurs is sought without a set pressure pass/failcriterion. Procedure D also has utility for assessing the robust-ness of protective clothing materials and assemblies as part ofquality systems. It is also possible to use Procedure D tosu
45、pplement the pass/fail results provided by Procedures A, B,and C.5.6.3 Procedure E permits setting a specific sequence ofpressure/time exposures based on the specific needs for thetesting.5.6.4 In this test method, a hydrostatic pressure is appliedbut does not necessarily correlate with a mechanical
46、 pressureagainst a semi-rigid or rigid surface.7Stull, J. O., White, D. F., and Greimel, T. C., “A Comparison of the LiquidPenetration Test with Other Chemical Resistance Tests and its Application inDetermining the Performance of Protective Clothing,” Performance of ProtectiveClothing: Fourth Volume
47、, ASTM STP 1133 (J. McBriarity and N. Henry, Eds.),ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1992, pp. 123140.8Mansdorf, S. Z., and Berardinelli, S. P., “Chemical Protective ClothingStandard Test Method Development Part 1: Penetration Test Method,” AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vo
48、l 49, No. 1, 1988, pp. 2125.9Berardinelli, S. P. and Cottingham, L. “Evaluation of Chemical ProtectiveGarment Seams and Closures for Resistance to Liquid Penetration,” Performance ofProtective Clothing, ASTM STP 900 (R. L. Barker and G. C. Coletta, Eds.), ASTMInternational, West Conshohocken, PA, 19
49、86, pp. 263275.TABLE 1 Pressure/Time Sequences and Conditions for SelectedCircumstancesProcedure Pressure/Time SequenceACircumstanceA 0 psig for 5 min followed by2 psig (13.8 kPa) for 10 minUsed for selecting protectiveclothing materials, seams, andclosures to limit exposure toliquid splashes.B 0 psig for 5 min followed by1 psig (6.9 kPa) for 10 minUsed for selecting extensibleprotective clothing materials(such as gloves) to limitexposure to liquid splashes.CB0 psig for 5 min followed by2 psig (13.8 kPa) for 1 minfollowed by 0 psig for 54 minUsed for selecting
