1、Designation: F2130 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Repellency, Retention, and Penetration of LiquidPesticide Formulation Through Protective ClothingMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe health and safety of agricultural workers invo
3、lved in the mixing, loading, and application ofliquid pesticides can be affected by dermal exposure to liquid pesticide formulations. Use of protectiveclothing can assist in minimizing the danger of contact with potentially harmful pesticides. Nonporousmaterials that provide excellent protection to
4、the user are usually not suitable for many agriculturalenvironments in which there is a potential for heat stress. Therefore, garments made of porousmaterials that can provide a balance between risk from pesticide exposure and user comfort can alsobe used as personal protective equipment (PPE) for a
5、gricultural workers. The movement of liquidpesticides through these materials is primarily a result of penetration through spaces between fibersand interstices between yarns. As these materials provide protection either by repelling or retainingliquid pesticide, the measurement of these properties i
6、s also important. This test method is used tomeasure repellency, retention, and penetration of liquid pesticides through protective clothingmaterials.The degree of contamination depends on numerous factors such as type of exposure, applicationtechnique, and pesticide formulation. Worker exposure to
7、liquid pesticides can range from lowexposure caused by spray drift to high exposure as in the case of an accidental spill while mixing orhandling concentrates. As the level of exposure can vary considerably, this test method is designed torate relative performance of PPE materials at two levels of c
8、ontamination.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures repellency, retention, andpenetration of a known volume of liquid pesticide whenapplied to protective clothing material. No external hydrostaticor mechanical pressure is applied to the test specimen during orafter the application of the liquid pesti
9、cide.1.2 This test method is designed to measure performance ofprotective clothing materials at two levels of contamination.Low level of contamination is achieved by applying 0.1 mLliquid formulation and high level by applying 0.2 mL.1.3 This test method does not measure resistance to perme-ation or
10、 degradation.1.4 This test method is suitable for field-strength pesticideformulations. This test method may not be suitable for testingprotective clothing materials against volatile pesticides.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to
11、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was d
12、eveloped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30
13、 on Chemicals.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F2130 11. DOI: 10.1520/F2130-11R18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis int
14、ernational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) C
15、ommittee.1Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsF1494 Ter
16、minology Relating to Protective Clothing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 analytical technique, na procedure whereby theconcentration of the test chemical in a collection medium isquantitatively determined.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese techniques are often specific toindividual chemical and collection m
17、edium combinations.Applicable techniques include, but are not limited to, flameionization, photo ionization, electro-chemical, ultraviolet, andinfrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid chromatography,colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes, and radionuclidetagging/detection counting.3.1.2 coate
18、d fabric, nflexible material composed of atextile fabric and an adherent polymeric or other materialapplied to one or both surfaces.3.1.3 degradation, ndeleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.4 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through vo
19、ids in protective clothingmaterials or items on a non-molecular level.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in closures, seams, interfaces, and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in the materi
20、als assolids, liquids as liquids, and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.5 permeation, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of chemicals, as molecules, through protectiveclothing materials by the processes of: (1) absorption of thechemical in
21、to the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration.3.1.6 pesticide retention, namount of pe
22、sticide activeingredient retained in the protective clothing material.3.1.7 protective clothing, nan item of clothing that isspecifically designed and constructed for the intended purposeof isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamin
23、ation by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.8 repellency, ncharacteristic to resist wetting and pen-etration by a liquid.3.1.9 test chemical, nsolid, liquid, gas, or mixture thereof,used to evaluate the performance of a protective clothingmaterial.3.1.9.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method, te
24、stchemical is limited to liquid chemicals that are a mixture ofraw materials including, but not limited to, active ingredients,inert ingredients, and a base solvent used in pesticide formu-lation. Additional ingredients could include emulsifiers andsurfactants. Solvents used in the formulation could
25、 be water,isopropyl alcohol, or petroleum distillate. Solid materials(powders, granules, and so forth) may be dissolved or emulsi-fied to form a liquid or suspension. These formulations may beready to use or concentrates that require dilution to fieldstrength. In some ultra-low-volume applications,
26、concentratedoil-based formulations are used without dilution; testing forthis application is beyond the scope of this test method.3.1.10 For other textile terminology, see Terminology D123.3.1.11 For other protective clothing terminology, see Termi-nology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Apipettor
27、 is used to apply liquid pesticide to the surfaceof the test assembly. The test assembly consists of single- ormultiple-layer protective clothing material (test specimen) andan absorbent paper backed by polyethylene film (collectorlayer).4.1.1 Another absorbent paper backed by polyethylene filmis pl
28、aced on the surface test specimen after a specified time toremove the remaining liquid.4.1.2 The contaminated test specimen, collector layer, andpaper used to remove liquid from the surface of the material areseparated and extracted.4.1.3 The extracts are analyzed quantitatively.4.1.4 Data are used
29、to calculate percent repellency, pesticideretention, and penetration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used for laboratory screening ofprotective clothing material used to manufacture garments andaccessories worn by pesticide workers.5.2 This test method can be used for the developm
30、ent andevaluation of new protective clothing materials.5.3 This test method can be used for the evaluation ofprotective clothing materials against new pesticide formula-tions.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Apparatus and materials for contamination of test speci-men:6.1.1 Test Chemical, to contaminate
31、 the test specimen.NOTE 1Diluted and concentrated formulations can be used with thistest method.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
32、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.F2130 11 (2018)26.1.2 Pipettor, with disposable pipet tip, mounted on asupport stand, for pipetting 0.1 6 0.002 mL of liquid for lowcontamination level and 0.2 6 0.004 mL for high contamina-tion level.6.1.3 Specimen Holder, that consists of a base plate (100 by100
33、mm) and a cover plate (100 by 100 mm with a 60 by60-mm opening in the center). The specimen holder is made ofpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (4-mm thickness).6.1.4 Timer, accurate to 1 s.6.1.5 Absorbent PaperTwo 80 by 80-mm squares ofWhatman Benchkote Plus3Paper (absorbent paper backed bypolyethylene
34、 film) per test specimen. One square is used tomeasure penetration, and the second to measure repellency.NOTE 2Substitutions are not recommended, as due to differences insorptive properties, use of absorbent papers other than Benchkote Plusmay affect the test results.6.1.6 Container, to discard cont
35、aminated materials.6.1.7 Fume Hood, with airflow control and a glass door.6.2 Apparatus for Analysis Using Method A:6.2.1 Balance, accurate to 0.001 g.6.2.2 Tweezers.6.2.3 Transparency FilmA 100 by 100-mm square, cutfrom clear transparency film or similar material made of plasticfilm.6.3 Apparatus f
36、or Analysis Using Method B:6.3.1 Solvent, appropriate for extraction of pesticide.NOTE 3Selection of the solvent is dependent on the pesticide and theanalytical method used. A minimum extraction efficiency of 95 % isrequired. Procedure to calculate extraction efficiency is given in 11.2.1.Solvent wi
37、th high volatility may not be appropriate, as there may beevaporation loss during handling operations.6.3.2 Airtight, Chemically Resistant Flasks/Bottles, suitablefor extraction of pesticides.6.3.3 Tweezers.6.3.4 Timer, to measure time in minutes.6.3.5 50 6 0.2-mL Graduated CylinderBottle-top dis-pe
38、nser or other apparatus for accurate measurement of solvent.6.3.6 Orbital Shaker.6.3.7 Airtight, Chemically Resistant Bottles, for storage.7. Test Specimen7.1 Protective clothing material specimen may consist of asingle layer or a composite of multiple layers that is represen-tative of an actual pro
39、tective clothing garment. Specimens withseams, closures, or other unions shall be cut such that thestitching is centered on the specimen. In each test, the outersurface should be contaminated with the pesticide formulation.7.1.1 Each protective clothing material specimen shouldmeasure 80 by 80 mm.7.
40、1.2 Aminimum of three specimens shall be tested for eachtest material. Random sampling procedures described in Prac-tice E105 should be used for the selection of specimen.8. Selection of Analytical Technique8.1 The procedure used to quantify the mass of testchemical/liquid in the test specimen and a
41、bsorbent papers shallbe determined before conducting the tests. The selection ofprocedure for analysis is based on the liquid test chemicalselected.8.1.1 Gravimetric analysis can be used if the liquid testchemical has: (1) a low evaporation rate, and (2) no filtration orselective retention of ingred
42、ients. Typically, pesticide formu-lations that are categorized as emulsifiable concentrates (rela-tively small particle size) and liquid concentrates (water-basedsolution concentrate with no particles) meet the criteria.8.1.2 Analytical techniques such as gas chromatography orhigh-pressure liquid ch
43、romatography can be used for formula-tions with an active ingredient. This requires extraction (inmost cases) and analysis of the active ingredient.8.1.3 Use Method A if the gravimetric method is used foranalysis. Use Method B if the procedure requires extractionand analysis of active ingredient.9.
44、Preparation of Test Apparatus and Materials9.1 Calibration of the Pipettor:9.1.1 Calibration with Distilled Water:9.1.1.1 Calibrate the pipettor by weighing 0.1 mL (0.2 mLfor higher contamination level) of distilled water. Take tenreadings. The values shall be within the 2 % tolerance limits.9.1.2 C
45、alibration with Liquid Test Chemical:9.1.2.1 The pipettor shall be calibrated by each operatorbefore conducting the tests. Use the same tip to dispense thetest aliquot (0.1 or 0.2 mL) and record the weight to the thirddecimal place (0.001). Take ten readings. Each value shall bewithin the 2 % tolera
46、nce limits. Calculate the mean of tenreadings. The mean value shall be used as the value for totalamount of the liquid test chemical applied for Method A in10.2.NOTE 4Experience of the operator in pipetting the liquid test chemicalaccording to the procedure provided by the manufacturer is crucial.In
47、experience in aspirating and dispensing the liquid test chemical canresult in errors. Electronic pipettors may reduce the error caused byoperator experience.NOTE 5The viscosity of the liquids may affect the amount dispensed.Liquid buildup in the tip may occur for liquids that are more viscous. Incas
48、e of buildup, use fresh tip for each application or change as required,based on the results of the ten consecutive readings taken in 9.1.2.9.2 Preparation of the Test Assembly:9.2.1 Mount the pipettor on the support stand and placeunder the fume hood.NOTE 6If the height of the container with the liq
49、uid test chemical isgreater than 25 mm, place the specimen holder on a raised platform so thetest chemical can be aspirated with ease.9.2.2 Place the collector layer with the absorbent side up onthe base plate of the specimen holder. Then place the testspecimen, outside face uppermost, followed by the cover plate.Place the specimen holder with the specimen and collectorlayer horizontally below the pipettor. Adjust the height of thepipettor to a distance of 30 6 5 mm above specimen.NOTE 7A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cover plate prevents the3Whatman Benchkot
