1、Designation: F 2233 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Guide forSafety, Access Rights, Construction, Liability, and RiskManagement for Optical Fiber Networks in Existing Sewers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2233; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o
2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses only primary safety concerns,easement
3、s, constructability, liability of the various parties, andrisk management related to constructing, installing, maintain-ing, or changing an optical fiber network in an existing sewer.1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footn
4、otes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
5、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. See 4.1 and5.1-5.1.7 for specific safety information.2. Referenced Documents2.1 OSHA Documents:OSHA 29 CFR Part 1926 Occupational Safety and HealthStandards for the Construction Industry22.2 Other Documents:U.S. DO
6、T MUTCD Part VI Manual on Uniform TrafficControl Devices33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 access rightsagreements between various parties toobtain temporary and permanent access to property for thepurpose of constructing, maintaining, or changing optical fiberne
7、tworks.3.1.2 competent persona person properly trained in thesafety aspects of an activity.3.1.3 confined spaceman entry area that has restrictedaccess and egress.3.1.4 constructabilitythe term used to denote the condi-tion of a completed set of plans and specifications for a opticalfiber network an
8、d its impact to the host utility, which have beenprepared with an analysis of practical, feasible methods ofconstruction.3.1.5 liabilitythe exposure to claims for damage to an-other partys health, well-being, or property; in the event thata “bond” is considered from a liability perspective, furnishi
9、nga bond will guarantee performance or payment of all bills, orboth.3.1.6 optical fiber networktelecommunications cablefrom central office to user.3.1.7 partneringin construction, teaming between theowner, engineer, contractor, and other involved parties.3.1.8 risk managementthe process of identifyi
10、ng the riskson a construction project, and assigning the risks to the partiesmost capable of controlling the risks.3.1.9 safetyphysical and mental activities that protect thehealth, well-being, and life of workers and third-party people,and activities that protect the property of all parties.4. Sign
11、ificance and Use4.1 Safety factors must be addressed and incorporated intothe work to protect the workers and the public, and construc-tion activities may need to be altered accordingly. Engineeringand construction costs are a part of the analysis.4.2 Access rights to the work should be considered i
12、n thedesign of the project.4.3 A construction professional, who has field experience inconstruction activities similar to the scope of work anticipated,should review the plans for constructability prior to starting theproject.4.4 Proper insurance and surety bonding to protect theinterests of all par
13、ties to the agreement or contract should beconsidered.4.5 Risk management assessment will identify the partiesthat are in the best position to control and be responsible for thedifferent risks.5. Performance Requirements5.1 Safety PracticesSafety practices should follow theguidelines of OSHA 29 CFR
14、Part 1926 and other state andlocal regulations. The installer should refer to OSHA, state,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technologyand Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.10on Optical Fiber Systems within Existing Infrastructure.
15、Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 2233 03.2Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.3Available from the Amer
16、ican Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA), 15Riverside Parkway, Suite 100, Fredericksburg, VA 22406, http:/.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and local regulations before work begins. These guidelines willaddress
17、 confined spaces, a competent person, safety training,structural hazards, trench safety, manhole safety, traffic safety,and equipment safety.5.1.1 Confined SpacesPerhaps the most dangerous ele-ment of safety risk is exposure to underground confined spaces.In the United States, OSHA requires that con
18、fined spaceentrants, attendant, entry supervisor, and rescue team betrained, provide special equipment, and follow certain proce-dures when entering a manhole or underground sewer. Theattendant must be equipped to test the atmosphere, monitor theatmosphere and the crew, control the activities in the
19、 confinedspace, and call an emergency response team for any accident.Besides the air atmosphere, the confined space crew mustrecognize and protect members from sewage or water in thesewers, which can injure or drown a crew member.5.1.2 Structural HazardsWhen cleaning, inspecting, re-pairing the sewe
20、r, or installing and maintaining and changingthe fiber and conduit, the crew should inspect entry structuresand large diameter sewers for structural deficiencies, andconsider possible point collapses, which could flood the pipewith sudden infiltration, or subject the crew to other hazards.Therefore,
21、 appropriate judgment and other precautions shouldbe considered.5.1.3 Trench SafetySome open trench work or directionaldrilling is required for interconnections and for final connec-tions to users and other telecommunication companies. Acompetent person trained to recognize dangerous conditionsand t
22、o protect the crew must be on site. The most commonsafety concerns in open trench work are cave-ins and otherutility hits. Therefore, shoring, trench boxes, manhole boxes,ladders, locating equipment, and air atmosphere monitoringdevices are needed to perform these activities. All OSHAconstruction st
23、andards must be followed.5.1.4 Traffc SafetyCrews cleaning, inspecting, repairing,installing optical fiber and conduit, repairing sewers andmanholes, and installing new conduit in open trench may beexposed to traffic. U.S. DOT MUTCD Part VI requires thattraffic control devices and flaggers must be i
24、n place to protectthe crew and the public, if there is exposure to traffic. Acompetent person should be in charge of these activities.NOTE 1The AGC4offers information on Safety, Constructability,Liability and Risk Management, and Partnering through its website.Additional information about constructa
25、bility issues is available at thewebsite www.engr.wisc.edu/cee/courses/cee596.html, which is the “Con-structability Analysis” course at the College of Engineering, University ofWisconsin-Madison.5.1.5 Equipment SafetyAll construction equipment andpersonal protective gear must meet OSHA regulations,
26、and bein good repair. Crew members should receive proper training insafety for all exposures, and weekly (more frequent if war-ranted) safety meetings should be conducted to identify antici-pated hazards, and plan appropriate processes to protect thecrew and public from injury or death. Prior to sta
27、rting a project,a safety plan should be prepared by the installer or ownersdesignated representative. This plan should be implementedand followed during the construction.NOTE 2Safety videos are available from various vendors, including avariety from the AGC.5.1.6 Manhole SafetyWhenever optical fiber
28、 devices areinstalled in manholes, certain procedures are used to protectpeople entering the confined space in the future. Cable bendguards are to be closed to avoid a tripping and entanglementhazard. Where practical, splice enclosures are to be installednext to the manhole steps or ladder so that w
29、orkers or rescueworkers can get into the manholes with self-contained breath-ing apparatuses without hindrance or risk of entrapment.5.1.7 Installation SafetyCertain electrically powered de-vices for cable installation, such as robots, can have anelectrical potential difference from the pipeline. An
30、 electricalfailure in the robot and certain conduit attachment methodsmay create sparks. Engineering and construction professionalsshould assess the conditions and methods, and use appropriatesafety measures to guard against any potential explosion orelectrical shock hazard.5.2 Access RightsAs in an
31、y construction project, accessrights are extremely important for constructability, timelyexecution of the project, legal risk management, and publicrelations. It is recognized that for a project to be constructable,the installer must have access to sewers, manholes, streets,public and private proper
32、ty, and be able to execute the workwithout interfering with other public or private activities.NOTE 3The APWA5has manuals covering procedures for streetaccess management.5.2.1 In the initial stages of the project the telecommunica-tions company (or equivalent) will contract with the sewerutility for
33、 the use of its facilities. Consideration should begiven to all needed access to sanitary and storm sewers,manholes, streets, and temporary street or “parking” access forall construction activities, including temporary pumping dis-charge piping and storage of job materials.5.2.2 If street closures o
34、r partial closures are needed, thestreet utility director needs to be contacted and necessarypermission acquired prior to construction. Barricading ofstreets, lane closures, and other traffic rerouting should becarefully planned and the designated authority should givepermission to perform such acti
35、vities.5.2.3 Construction equipment needs should be planned,including enough room for maneuvering equipment and con-struction materials. For instance, sewer cleaning, pumpingequipment, generators, directional boring machines, and opentrenching equipment all require enough real estate to performthe v
36、arious operations efficiently and safely. If private propertyis needed for equipment operating processes, agreementsshould be obtained prior to construction.5.2.4 Certain interconnecting lines, open trench conduitinstallation, and underground cable plowing will be requiredon public and private prope
37、rty. The procedures in this guideshould be implemented to obtain access and to maintain open4Available from the Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America, 333John Carlyle Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/agc.org.5Available from the American Public Works Association (APWA), 2345 G
38、randBoulevard, Suite 500, Kansas City, MO 64108-2641, http:/.F 2233 03 (2009)2communications among installers, property owners and thepublic. After open trench conduit installation or plowing,restoration work should be completed as soon as practical inaccordance with local regulations, so that publi
39、c access andgood public relations are maintained.5.3 ConstructabilityA project is considered constructablewhenever the contracting parties and design professionals havetaken into consideration the various challenges that the con-tractor or installer will face when performing the construction.Constru
40、ctability issues such as ample room in work areas,isolation from traffic or the public, existing conditions, timeconstraints, weather conditions, safety exposures, completeplans, permits from other utilities, teamwork, flexible con-tracts, involvement of all parties affected, and good engineer-ing p
41、ractices, all contribute to how a job is accomplished.These factors also make the project more suitable for bidding.During the constructability review, the parties may emphasizevalue engineering to provide the most cost effective project.5.3.1 When access routes are obtained, a holistic approachshou
42、ld be considered in the plan. The access must consider theneeds for the facility to be built, the size of constructionequipment, the need to maneuver machines and materials,access to the site for equipment and materials, temporarystorage of materials and equipment, traffic, emergency vehicleaccess,
43、and adequate room for the safety of the crew, includingany safety equipment required. This planning should be con-ducted by seasoned and experienced construction profession-als.5.3.2 Existing conditions should be part of the engineering.For instance, when working underground, existing utilitiesmust
44、be located to protect workers and the infrastructure.Allow enough room for workers and safety devices. Thetopography plays a role too. In a low area, possible flooding ofthe construction activities should be anticipated. If trafficaffects construction and cannot be rerouted or controlled,another pla
45、n should be adopted. The condition of the existingsewers and manholes must be known, so that during theconstruction, adequate restoration work can be budgeted.5.3.3 The construction time and schedule should be basedon sound construction and site condition factors. Duringproject conception or enginee
46、ring activities, or both, a prelimi-nary construction schedule should be prepared and approvedby all of the parties. Construction activities should be brokendown into elements and sequenced chronologically. Climate,weather conditions and holidays should be considered in theconstruction schedule. Ade
47、quate time must be added for safetyactivities. If construction activities are constrained by certainrestrictions, such as work only at night or during off peak trafficconditions, time should be adjusted for labor efficiency. Expe-rienced managers should be involved in the scheduling activi-ties, usi
48、ng critical path scheduling software.5.3.4 It is good practice to assembly a comprehensive teamto plan the project. Team input from engineering and construc-tion professionals, public and private utility staff, telecommu-nications staff, and legal entities throughout the conceptual,design and constr
49、uction phases will provide the best project. Ateam approach brings in more expertise, and creates “buy-in”by the various team members.NOTE 4The AGC has a video and pamphlet on partnering which canhelp guide the team through this process.5.4 Liability and Risk ManagementThe responsibilitiesand authorities of the parties involved in the planning, engi-neering, construction, operation and maintenance of the projectshould be identified.5.4.1 Risk should be assigned to the party who has controlover the particular risk. Liability shoul
