1、Designation: F2601 16aStandard Specification forFire Safety for Candle Accessories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety require-ments for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with c
3、andles, thereby improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safetypractices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of prod-uct when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppressionsystems.1.3 The values stated in SI
4、units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required fo
5、r fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
6、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of
7、Fire StandardsF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory ItemsF2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain candle-related terminology has al-ready been addressed in Guide F1972. Certain additionalfire-related terminology is found in
8、 Terminology E176. Thereader is directed to those standards for definitions not found in3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn time, ntime interval a test specimen supportssustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignitionsource until all flaming ceases.3.2.2 candl
9、e accessory, nobject designed, intended, ormarketed for use with a candle.3.2.3 candle burner, na candle holder that restricts the freeflow of exiting combustion gases.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDoes not include the item known as acandle follower also referred to by the term candle burner inthe liturgical in
10、dustry. Candle burners also include, but are notlimited to, lanterns, potpourri burners, and food warmers.3.2.4 candle holder, ncandle accessory onto which acandle is placed. It may support, hold or contain a candle whenin use.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFilled candles are not candle holders.3.2.5 candle ring
11、, ncandle accessory intended to surroundthe candle with decorative materials in proximity to a candle,including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fillmaterial.3.2.6 consumption rate, nrate at which a candle is con-sumed measured in grams of fuel consumed per hour.3.2.6.1 DiscussionCons
12、umption rate is determined byweighing a candle prior to burning and then again at the end ofthe life or burn cycle of the candle. The weight consumed ingrams is then divided by the burn time in hours to arrive at aconsumption rate in grams per hour.3.2.7 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.2.7.1 D
13、iscussionThe combustion is typically evidencedby glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained ortransient.3.2.8 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer P
14、roducts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2601 16. DOI:10.1520/F2601-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website
15、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13
16、.2.8.1 DiscussionMaterials that pass Test Method E136are considered noncombustible.3.2.9 potpourri burner, ncandle burner designed to pro-vide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneousmaterial.3.2.10 shade, na candle accessory placed above thecandle, whose function is to modify light from t
17、he flame andchange the appearance of the candle.3.2.11 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.2.11.1 DiscussionSustained flaming starts at the begin-ning of the period when a flame is found on or over the surface.3.2.12 topper, nvented c
18、andle accessory, which is placeddirectly on top of a container candle, to modify airflow.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Candle RingsThis safetyrequirement applies to all candle rings with the followingexceptions: rings constructed exclusively of noncombustiblematerials, rings cons
19、tructed exclusively of live plants or freshcut flowers, or both, that remain hydrated during their intendedlife, or items which include rings that incorporate barriertechnology (see 5.2.4.14 5.2.4.16).4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle rings are used in proximity to a knownsource of ignition (candle fla
20、me).4.1.1.2 Flammable components of candle rings increase therisk of fires when using candle products.4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 A candle ring shall pass the flammability require-ments for candle rings if, when tested according to 5.2, it doesnot ignite or has a burn time less than or equ
21、al to an average of30 s for three tests per component and the burn time for anyone test shall not exceed 60 s. During any test, flaming shall notspread over the entire candle ring. The test shall be conductedon all applicable components of the ring.4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle Holders, Shades,
22、 andToppersThis safety requirement applies to all candle holders,including candle burners and potpourri burners, and candleshades and toppers, with the following exceptions: itemsconstructed exclusively of noncombustible materials (see Note1) or which incorporate barrier technology. (See 5.2.4.15.)N
23、OTE 1Observations indicate that some porous materials which areotherwise considered to be noncombustible, for example, unglazedceramics and terra cotta, absorb molten wax or other combustible liquidsand can support sustained flaming combustion. This note has beenprovided for informational purposes o
24、nly.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Candle holders, shades, and toppers are used withburning candles placed directly under, on, or in them.4.2.1.2 A buildup of heat or direct flame impingement fromthe candle flame onto candle holders, shades, or toppers ispossible during use, resulting in the candle holder,
25、 shade, ortopper igniting.4.2.2 Performance RequirementAcandle holder, shade, ortopper shall pass the flammability requirements for candleholders, shades, or toppers if, when tested according to 5.2,itdoes not ignite or has a burn time less than or equal to anaverage of 30 s for three tests per comp
26、onent and the burn timefor any one test shall not exceed 60 s. During any test, flamingshall not spread over the entire candle holder, shade, or topper.The test shall be conducted on all applicable components of theholder, shade, or topper.4.3 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners and PotpourriBurn
27、ersThis safety requirement applies to all types ofburners designed to use a candle as a source of heat or light, orboth. Candle accessories marketed as food warmers must beassessed to determine whether the item qualifies as a candleburner, a candle holder, or other type of accessory andevaluated acc
28、ordingly. Candle burners and potpourri burnersare also subject to the requirements of 4.2.4.3.1 Rationale:4.3.1.1 Candle burners and potpourri burners can contributeto secondary ignition, excessive flame heights, or end of usefullife problems, or a combination thereof. These are oftenassociated with
29、 the buildup of heat or soot or both from candlesplaced in these types of products.4.3.1.2 Candle burners and potpourri burners meeting theperformance requirement listed in 4.3.2 will reduce the risk offires initiated by candles used with these types of products.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1
30、 All candle burners which have the capability ofaccepting multiple types of candles shall be labeled for usewith, quantities of candles, maximum candle size and thecandle type(s), (including number of wicks if pertinent). Thelabel must have the following warning message or its practicalequivalent, “
31、WARNING: For use with quantity, size, # wicks,type candle(s)” Example: “WARNING: For use with one,single wick container candle up to 22 ounces.” The minimumheight of the safety alert symbol (“) and the warning messageshall be 1.8 mm (0.07 in.) based on the height of an upper caseletter. This warning
32、 shall be directly affixed, engraved orattached to the accessory in such a way that it is likely toremain on the item throughout its useful life (for example anadhesive label placed on the bottom or other surface of theitem). If sold with external packaging, this warning shall alsoappear on the exte
33、rnal packaging.4.3.2.2 A candle burner shall pass the performance require-ments if there is no secondary ignition, excessive flame height,or end-of-useful life problems as detailed in Sections 4.1through 4.3 in Specification F2417 and the burner does notignite, crack, or break when the candle burner
34、 is tested with anappropriate candle(s) according to the candle burning perfor-mance test method found in Section 5.2.4 of SpecificationF2417. If the appropriate candle is a tealight, it must meet therequirements found in 5.3.1. If the unit can be used withmultiple candles, the unit is to be tested
35、with the largest candleand the maximum number of candles specified on the label ofthe burner as found in 4.3.2.1.4.3.2.3 All candle burners shall be tested using the pre-scribed candles in 4.3.2.1 and 4.3.2.2. Three identical samples(burners) shall be tested using at least 8 candle burn cycleseach.
36、If the candle reaches end of life prior to the 8thburncycle, continue the test with a new candle until 8 cycles arecompleted. For burners requiring tealight candles, or candlesF2601 16a2that reach end of life in less than 4 hours, each candle is burnedto end of life which constitutes a complete cycl
37、e. Thus, eachburner shall be tested 8 times.NOTE 2Research3indicates that candle burners with a small internalvolume, low ceiling height, and limited ventilation are especially at risk tofail the flame height, end-of-useful life, and secondary ignition require-ments of Specification F2417.4.4 Safety
38、 Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment applies to all accessories intended to be used in directcontact with burning candles.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement minimizes the hazardsof candle accessory/ensemble tip over.4.4.2 Performance RequirementThe candle accessorymust not tip over when
39、placed at a minimum 10.0 inclinewhen tested with the candle specified in 5.4.1.5. Test Methods5.1 Candle fire safety issues addressed by these test methodsinclude candle ring, shade, topper, and holder flammability,candle burner and potpourri burner accessories burn perfor-mance and stability.5.2 Fl
40、ammability of Candle Rings, Shades, Toppers, orHolders:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodComponents of candlerings, shades, toppers, or holders are tested on a flat noncom-bustible surface for sustained flaming combustion. Compo-nents of the ring, shade, topper, or holder are tested forflammability throug
41、h contact with the flame source for up to 60s. Each test is monitored for sustained flaming combustion ofthe component. Three separate tests are performed on each typeof component of the candle ring, shade, topper, or the candleholder. The burn time is measured.5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Large, flat, n
42、oncombustible surface.5.2.2.2 Flame SourceA butane diffusion flame intended torepresent a candle flame. The burner tube consists of a stainlesssteel tube with an outside diameter of nominally 8 mm and awall thickness of 1 mm. The gas supply system consists of apressure gauge, flow meter, fine-contro
43、l valve, and cylinderregulator providing an outlet pressure of 28.5 mbar (0.4 psi).The flow meter supplies butane gas at a constant rate of 45mL/min at 25C. Under the specified conditions, the flameheight is approximately 35 mm.NOTE 3An alternative flame source is permissible provided that it canbe
44、demonstrated by testing identical specimens with both the alternativeflame source and the flame source specified in this test method that thetests using the alternative flame source yields failing results as often as, ormore often than tests using the specified flame source.5.2.2.3 Ring stand/clamp
45、assembly.5.2.2.4 Stopwatch.5.2.2.5 Ruler.5.2.2.6 Thermometer.5.2.2.7 Hygrometer.5.2.3 Safety Hazards(WarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flames. Appropriate personalprotective equipment shall be used and safe work practicesshall be followed. Fire suppression equipment cap
46、able ofmitigating fires associated with candle accessory fire safetytesting shall be readily available during testing.)5.2.4 Procedure:5.2.4.1 The candle ring, shade, topper, or holder under testshall be conditioned before testing for at least4hatatemperature between 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) and a rela
47、tivehumidity of less than or equal to 55 %.All candle rings, shades,toppers, or holders shall be tested in a burn test area that willbe environmentally controlled to between 20 to 30C (68 to86F) and less than or equal to 70 % relative humidity. Onceremoved from the conditioning atmosphere, the candl
48、e rings,shades, toppers, or holders shall be tested within 1 h.5.2.4.2 The test shall be carried out with minimal distur-bance of the flame source in a test area of sufficient size toaccommodate the candle ring, shade, topper, or holder andprevent oxygen starvation of the flame source. The test surf
49、aceshall be constructed of a noncombustible material and shall becleaned before conducting each test, removing charred andmolten materials or other debris from previous tests.5.2.4.3 The finished product is to be tested in an orientationtypical of the products intended use. The candle ring or holdershall be placed on the test surface such that it lays flat tosimulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under thecandle ring unless that is how the candle ring is designed.5.2.4.4 The candle shades and toppers are positioned likethey wo
