1、Designation: F2601 18Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candle Accessories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety require-ments for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with ca
3、ndles, thereby improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safetypractices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of prod-uct when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppressionsystems.1.3 The values stated in inch
4、-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors requ
5、ired for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate s
6、afety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment
7、of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Ve
8、rticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory ItemsF2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles3. Terminology3.1 Certain candle-related terminology is addressed inGuide F1972, and the reader is directed to that
9、guide fordefinitions not found in 3.2 and 3.3. For definitions of termsassociated with fire issues, see Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions: Candle Accessory Classification Terms:3.2.1 candle accessory, nobject designed, intended, ormarketed for use with a candle.3.2.2 candle burner, na candle holder t
10、hat restricts the freeflow of exiting combustion gases.3.2.2.1 DiscussionCandle burners include, but are notlimited to, lanterns, potpourri burners, and food warmers. Doesnot include the item known as a “candle follower”, alsoreferred to by the term “candle burner” in the liturgicalindustry.3.2.3 ca
11、ndle holder, ncandle accessory onto which acandle is placed.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIt may support, hold or contain acandle when in use.3.2.3.2 DiscussionFilled candles are not candle holders.3.2.4 candle ring, ncandle accessory intended to surroundthe candle with decorative materials in proximity to a ca
12、ndle,including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fillmaterial.3.2.5 food warmer, na vessel intended to hold food that isheated by one or more candles; it is a type of candle burner.3.2.6 potpourri burner, ncandle burner designed to pro-vide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extra
13、neousmaterial.3.2.7 shade, na candle accessory placed above the candle,whose function is to modify light from the flame and changethe appearance of the candle.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.
14、45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2601 16a. DOI:10.1520/F2601-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
15、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with in
16、ternationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.8 topper, nvented candle accessory, which
17、 is placeddirectly on top of a container candle, to modify airflow.3.3 Definitions: General Terms:3.3.1 barrier technology, na functional design element ofa candle accessory that minimizes the risk of ignition of thecombustible components of the candle accessory as a result offoreseeable misuse or f
18、ailure of the candle.3.3.1.1 DiscussionPrecautions should be taken in barriertechnology designs to prevent ignition of combustible compo-nents. During intended use, the candle should not be capable ofigniting combustible components from either heat transfer ordirect flame impingement.Accessories sho
19、uld also be designedto prevent ignition of combustible components in reasonableand foreseeable situations such as in drafts or the candle fallingover. Examples include a durable, noncombustible wall, orspace absent of combustible objects.3.3.2 burn cycle, nthe length of time a candle burns fromwhen
20、it is lit to when it is manually extinguished or from whenit is lit until it extinguishes on its own at end of useful life.3.3.3 burn time, ntime a material supports sustainedflaming combustion after removal of the ignition source untilall flaming ceases.3.3.4 consumption rate, nrate at which a cand
21、le is con-sumed.3.3.4.1 DiscussionIn this specification, consumption rateis measured in ounces (grams) of fuel consumed per hour.3.3.4.2 DiscussionConsumption rate is determined byweighing a candle prior to burning and then again at the end ofthe life or burn cycle of the candle. The weight consumed
22、 inounces (grams) is then divided by the burn time in hours toarrive at a consumption rate in ounces (grams) per hour.3.3.5 diffusion flame, na type of flame where the fuel isnot premixed with air or other oxygen source.3.3.5.1 DiscussionDiffusion flames are typically red,yellow, or orange in color.
23、3.3.6 flame height, nthe length of the candle flame fromthe base to the tip.3.3.7 ignition, ninitiation of flaming combustion.3.3.7.1 DiscussionThe combustion is typically evidencedby glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained ortransient.3.3.8 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburni
24、ng when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.3.8.1 DiscussionMaterials that pass Test Method E136are considered noncombustible.3.3.9 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.3.9.1 DiscussionSustained flaming starts at the begin
25、-ning of the period when a flame is found on or over the surface.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Flammability:4.1.1 This safety requirement applies to candle accessoriesintended to be used in direct contact with burning candles. SeeX1.1.4.1.2 Specifically this safety requirement ap
26、plies to candlerings, candle holders, candle shades, candle toppers, and candleburners.4.1.3 Accessories exempted from this requirement include:4.1.3.1 Accessories constructed exclusively of noncombus-tible materials,4.1.3.2 Accessories constructed exclusively of live plants orfresh cut flowers, or
27、both, that remain hydrated during theirintended life,4.1.3.3 Birthday candle holders that can hold only onecandle, do not contain pyrotechnics, and are not intended tomove.4.1.3.4 Accessories that incorporate barrier technology (see5.2.3.13).4.1.4 Performance RequirementWhen tested in accor-dance wi
28、th the test method in 5.2:4.1.4.1 The accessory shall have a burn time less than orequal to an average of 30 s for three tests per component andthe burn time for any one test shall not exceed 60 s.4.1.4.2 During any test, flames shall not spread over theentire accessory.4.1.4.3 The test shall be con
29、ducted on all applicable com-ponents of the accessory.4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners Performance:4.2.1 This safety requirement applies to all candle burners.See X1.2.4.2.2 Performance RequirementWhen tested in accor-dance with 5.3:4.2.2.1 All candle burners which have the capability ofac
30、cepting multiple types or multiple quantities of candles, orboth, shall be labeled as directed in 6.1.4.2.2.2 The candle shall exhibit no secondary ignition.4.2.2.3 The candle shall have no flame height greater than3.0 in. (7.6 cm).4.2.2.4 The burner shall not catch fire.4.2.2.5 Neither the burner n
31、or the candle container shallbreak or crack as a result of the test.4.3 Safety Requirements for Tealight and Taper CandleHolders:4.3.1 This safety requirement applies to candle holders nottested in accordance with 5.3 that are intended to use tealightor taper candles. See X1.3.4.3.2 Performance Requ
32、irementWhen tested in accor-dance with 5.4:4.3.2.1 All holders which have the capability of acceptingmultiple types or multiple quantities of candles, or both, shallbe labeled as directed in 6.1.4.3.2.2 The candle shall exhibit no secondary ignition.4.3.2.3 The candle shall have no flame height grea
33、ter than3.0 in. (7.6 cm).4.3.2.4 The holder shall not catch on fire.4.3.2.5 Neither the holder nor the candle container shallbreak or crack as a result of the test.4.4 Safety Requirements for Stability:4.4.1 This safety requirement applies to all accessoriesintended to be used in direct contact with
34、 burning candles. SeeX1.4.F2601 1824.4.2 Performance RequirementWhen tested in accor-dance with 5.5:4.4.2.1 The accessory shall not tip over when placed at aminimum 10.0 (0.0 / +0.5) incline from horizontal whentested with the candle specified in 5.5.3.2.4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical accessories shall not ti
35、p over at anyposition when rotated around the vertical axis.4.4.2.3 Holders labeled in accordance with 6.2 shall betested with the maximum size candle(s) specified on the label.5. Test Methods5.1 General:5.1.1 Safety HazardsWarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flames.5.1.1
36、.1 Use appropriate personal protective equipment andpractices that ensure a safe work environment.5.1.1.2 Keep fire suppression equipment nearby that iscapable of mitigating fires associated with candle accessory firesafety testing.5.1.2 Precision and BiasNo information is presentedabout the precisi
37、on or bias for any of the test methods inSection 5.5.2 Accessory Flammability Test Method:5.2.1 Summary of Test Method:5.2.1.1 Components of candle accessories are tested on aflat, noncombustible surface through contact with the flamesource for up to 60 s.5.2.1.2 Each test is monitored for sustained
38、 flaming com-bustion of the component. Three separate tests are performedon each type of component of the accessory. The burn time ofeach test is measured and recorded.5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.5.2.2.2 Flame SourceA butane diffusion flame intended torepresent a cand
39、le flame. The burner tube consists of a stainlesssteel tube with an outside diameter of nominally516 in. (8 mm)and a wall thickness of5128 in. (1 mm). The gas supply systemconsists of a pressure gauge, flow meter, fine-control valve, andcylinder regulator providing an outlet pressure of 0.4 psi (28.
40、5mbar). The flow meter supplies butane gas at a constant rate of234 in.3/min (45 mL/min) at 77F (25C). Under the specifiedconditions, the flame height is approximately 138 in. (35 mm).5.2.2.3 An alternative flame source is permissible providedthat it can be demonstrated by testing identical specimen
41、s withboth the alternative flame source and the flame source specifiedin this test method that the tests using the alternative flamesource yields failing results as often as, or more often than testsusing the specified flame source. See X2.1 for further infor-mation.5.2.2.4 Ring stand/clamp assembly
42、.5.2.2.5 Stopwatch.5.2.2.6 Noncombustible measuring device graduated ininches (millimeters), such as a ruler.5.2.2.7 Thermometer.5.2.2.8 Hygrometer.5.2.3 Procedure:5.2.3.1 Condition the accessory before testing for at least 4h at a temperature between 68 and 86F (20 and 30C) and arelative humidity o
43、f less than or equal to 55 %.5.2.3.2 Test the accessory:(1) In a burn test area that will be environmentally con-trolled to between 68 and 86F (20 and 30C) and a relativehumidity of less than or equal to 70 %.(2) Within1hofbeing removed from the conditioningatmosphere.(3) In an area with minimal dis
44、turbance of the flame sourceand sufficient size to accommodate the accessory and preventoxygen starvation of the flame source.(4) On a surface constructed of a noncombustible materialthat is cleaned before conducting each test, removing charredand molten materials or other debris from previous tests
45、.5.2.3.3 Test the accessory in an orientation typical of theproducts intended use.(1) Place the candle rings on the test surface such that itlays flat to simulate normal use with no free-flowing air spaceunder the accessory unless that is how the candle ring isdesigned.(2) Position candle shades and
46、 toppers like they would beused on a candle.5.2.3.4 Test the accessory in all orientations and configura-tions that it is designed or advertised to be used in. Theaccessory fails the performance requirement if it fails in any ofthe orientations tested.5.2.3.5 Ignite and apply the flame source to eac
47、h uniquecomponent, piece, and material on the accessory. See X2.2 forfurther information.5.2.3.6 Keep the flame source stationary during the ignitionperiod with the flame source at a downward angle between 15and 45 from horizontal. See Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Flame Source PositioningF2601 1835.2.3.7 Position
48、the flame source such that its tip is station-ary and positioned approximately one half of the normal flameheight away from the accessory component to be tested. SeeFig. 1.NOTE 1For example, if the flame source produces a flame approxi-mately 138 in. (35 mm) in height, the tip of the flame source wo
49、uld bepositioned approximately34 in. (17.5 mm) away from the test component.This will put the midpoint of the flame in contact with the edge of thecomponent to be tested.5.2.3.8 Remove the flame source from the test component assoon as the test component exhibits sustained flaming combus-tion or after 60 s, whichever occurs first.5.2.3.9 Record the time from when the test component firstignites with sustained flaming combustion until flaming ceases.If the test component fails to ignite, record the burn time as 0s.5.2.3.10 Cond
