1、Designation: F 2651 08aStandard Terminology Relating toSoils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass relatedterms for use in the development of standards for sports andnatur
3、al playing surfaces. This standard includes soils andrelated agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces usedfor sports and may include those surfaces supporting thegrowth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces thatare constructed with natural materials.1.2 The terms defined in thi
4、s terminology standard areappropriate for use by sports field development professionals,owners and institutions, installers and contractors and otherpractitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evalua-tions, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construc-tion.2. Terminologyaeration,
5、ncondition and sum of all processes affecting soilpore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect tothe amount and availability of oxygen for use by soil biota orsoil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.aeration, vpractice to mechanically restore a soil to acondition where gas and water
6、permeability rates are im-proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by theuse of devices (spikes, cores, tines, air-jets, water-jets) whichpenetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil andcultivation, turf.aerification, soil, nmechanical process to relieve soil com-paction. Th
7、is term is often used synonymously with aeration,v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.bulk density, nmass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. Thevalue is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m3) or gramper cubic centimetre (g cm3).clay, ncan be defined in terms of a particular size fr
8、action ofa soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class, a soiltextural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms, asmaterials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-priate water contents.DISCUSSIONIdeally, the term “clay” should be appropriately definedwhen used to des
9、cribe soils or materials for rootzones. For example, a90 % sand/10 % clay mixture could imply either 90 % sand/10 %clayey soil (or other soils with textures containing enough clay (2.0 mm and 0.05 mm and 85 % sand), ntypes of soils which mayhave no (or a very thin) “A” horizon and thus technically n
10、ota “topsoil” material.turf, ncovering of mowed vegetation, usually a turfgrass,growing in association with an upper soil stratum of inter-mingled roots and stems.turfgrass, nspecies or cultivar of grass, usually of spreadinghabit, which is maintained as a mowed turf.verticutting, npractice of using
11、 a mechanical device whichoperates vertically and cuts into the turf surface/thatch andoften the upper soil layer.DISCUSSIONVerticutting is often employed to remove excess thatchor the accumulation of excess actively growing turfgrass (thinning).Verticutting may also be employed to stimulate lateral
12、 turfgrassgrowth/development in order to increase turf density. This is sometimesalso referred to as vertical mowing or power raking. See also dethatch-ing.warm-season turfgrasses, ngrass species widely adapted towarm temperate climates. Some species persist and are usedin cool humid to cool sub-hum
13、id climates; referred to as atransition zone.water retention, nsoil-water content (by mass or volume) ata given soil-water matric potential.winter dormancy, ndormancy of warm season turfgrassesduring the winter when these warm season turf species aregrown in areas subject to seasonal cool temperatur
14、es.DISCUSSIONNormally, the warm season turfgrasses exhibit brownleaf tissue during dormancy and do not actively grow. Different warmseason turfgrass species exhibit differing adaptations to cold tempera-tures and do not all go into or come out of winter dormancy at the sametemperature ranges.3. Keyw
15、ords3.1 athletic field; impact; sports; sports field; sports surfacesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of an
16、y such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are i
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18、ed a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 2651 08a4
