1、Designation: F 2748 08Standard Specification forLow Energy Air Guns (Less Than 1 Joule)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONTo perform as intended, a low energy air gun requires a level of power which, if misused, can causeserious injury. This specification is inte
3、nded to reduce the hazards associated with low energy air gunuse. This specification cannot control careless use or eliminate all hazards of misuse. Terminology isstandardized in this specification, so that conforming products will be identified in the same manner,and critical dimensions are standar
4、dized to assure safe interchangeability of projectiles in allconforming low energy air guns. Product performance hazards are identified and requirements areestablished to minimize these hazards. This specification is written within the current state-of-the-artof low energy air gun technology. The in
5、tent is to revise this specification whenever substantiveinformation becomes available which justifies revising existing requirements or adding newrequirements.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers low energy air guns whichpropel a projectile by means of 1 joule or less of energyreleased by compress
6、ed air, compressed CO2, mechanicalsprings, battery or a combination thereof, used in the sportcommonly called airsoft or air soft, and is to be used inconjunction with Specification F 2654.1.2 LimitationsThis specification does not cover the fol-lowing types of products: Non-powder guns as specifica
7、llydefined in Consumer Safety Specification F 589 and which arecommonly referred to as BB or pellet guns; paintball markersas specifically defined in Specification F 2272; low energy airguns which propel a projectile by energy of over 1 joule or usegas propulsion other than CO2; toy products; and no
8、n-recreational air guns, for example, those used by law enforce-ment, scientific, military, industrial, or theatrical entities.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for inform
9、ation onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator
10、y limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 589 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder GunsF 2272 Specification for Paintball MarkersF 2654 Specification for Low Energy Air Gun (LEAG)WarningsF 2679 Specification for 6 mm Projectiles Used with LowEnergy Air Guns2.2 C
11、ode of Federal Regulations:315 CFR 1150 Marking of Toy, Look-Alike and ImitationFirearms3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2 backstop, nobject intended to stop a low energy airgun projectile.3.3 barrel, nthat portion of a low energy air gun throughwhich the projectile
12、 is discharged.3.4 cocking, vaction that allows the user to store manualenergy.3.5 hammer, ndevice which, when released, dischargesthe stored energy.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
13、F08.24 onPaintball and Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
14、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, U
15、nited States.3.6 hop-up, ndevice that changes the spin on a projectileto affect its trajectory.3.7 low energy air gun (LEAG), ncommonly referred toas airsoft gun or air soft gun, a device specifically designed toexpel a low energy air gun projectile, by the release of energyby compressed air, compre
16、ssed CO2, mechanical springs,battery, or a combination thereof, at an energy level at 1.0 jouleor lower.3.8 magazine, ndevice used in a low energy air gun tostore projectiles.3.9 projectile (LEAG projectile), nspherical, commonly6 mm (.24 cal), non-metallic and non-liquid filled projectile tobe used
17、 in a low energy air gun, as specifically referred to inSpecification F 2679.3.10 propulsion system, combination, npropulsion systemin which a combination of spring, spring-piston, pneumatic, orgas systems can be used to provide the energy to propel theprojectile.3.11 propulsion system, electronic,
18、npropulsion system inwhich an electronic system is used to provide the energy topropel the projectile.3.12 propulsion system, gas, npropulsion system in whicha gas system, including CO2, is used to provide the energy topropel the projectile. CO2propulsion system is a type of gaspropulsion system.3.1
19、3 propulsion system, spring-piston (also known asspring-air), npropulsion system in which the projectile ispropelled by air pressure that is created by a piston moved bya spring.3.14 propulsion system, pneumatic, npropulsion systemin which compressed air is stored under pressure and, whenreleased, p
20、rovides the energy to propel the projectile.3.14.1 DiscussionA pneumatic low energy air gun nor-mally has a pump system to provide the compressed air.3.15 propulsion system, pre-charged pneumatic,npropulsion system in which the energy is provided bycompressed gas, normally compressed air, stored in
21、a refillablecylinder charged by an external source.3.15.1 DiscussionThe release of the compressed gas pro-vides the energy to propel the projectile.3.16 pumping mechanism (pneumatic gun), nmechanicaldevice used to compress air.3.17 range, nmaximum distance to which an object maybe propelled, whether
22、 limited by energy or an obstacle.3.18 safety device, ndevice which, when activated, dis-ables a part of the low energy air gun, usually the trigger, toprevent unintentional discharges and must be released to allowthe low energy air gun to be discharged by the movement of thetrigger.3.18.1 Discussio
23、nThe device is sometimes referred to asthe “safety,” “safety button,” or “safety lever.” An electronicon/off switch is considered a safety device when placing it inthe “off” position renders the low energy air gun inoperable.3.19 standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP),nused to describe a s
24、ubstance at the pressure of 1 bar(1.01325 atmospheres, 750 mm Hg, 14.5 psi, 100 kPa) and atemperature of 25C (77F).3.20 target, nobject at which the low energy air gun isdischarged.3.21 trigger, ndevice operated by the user to discharge alow energy air gun.3.22 trigger guard, nrigid, firmly attached
25、 componentthat must totally enclose the trigger area and be wider than thetrigger.3.22.1 DiscussionThere can be no more than 38 mm(1.5 in.) of space from any point on the face of the trigger to thetrigger guard, and no more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) from thelowest point of the trigger to the trigger guar
26、d. All measure-ments under this rule are to be taken after excluding anyremovable attachments to the trigger.3.23 trigger pull, nforce required to move the triggerfrom its start or recycle/reset position to a position thatdischarges the low energy air gun.4. Significance and Use4.1 This specificatio
27、n establishes performance requirementsand test methods for low energy air guns.5. Conformance5.1 Low energy air guns shall not, either by label or othermeans, indicate conformance with this specification unless, atthe time of manufacture, they conform with all applicablerequirements contained herein
28、.6. General Requirements6.1 LiteratureEach low energy air gun shall include theproduct literature as specified in Specification F 2654.6.2 PackagingThe packaging of each low energy air gunshall comply, as applicable, with Specification F 2654.6.3 Product MarkingLow energy air guns shall be markedin
29、accordance with Specification F 2654.6.4 FinishThe exposed edges of all low energy air gunsshall be smooth and free of sharp edges, burrs, and splinters.6.5 Shipping:6.5.1 Each low energy air gun shall be shipped in anunloaded, uncharged, and uncocked condition.6.5.2 All low energy air guns must sho
30、ot at an energy levelunder 1.0 joules at the time of shipment at SATP.6.6 Design:6.6.1 All low energy air guns with an exposed trigger shallhave a trigger guard.6.6.2 It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to deter-mine whether federal markings are required on its low energyair guns and to fol
31、low all applicable regulations (see 15 CFR1150).7. Performance Requirements7.1 Low Energy Air Gun FunctionCocking, pumping,loading, or charging of a low energy air gun shall not cause thelow energy air gun to discharge except in accordance with themanufacturers instructions. This does not limit the
32、use of“auto-triggers.”7.2 Safety DeviceSafety devices shall be provided on alllow energy air guns and all such devices can be activatedwhether or not the low energy air gun is cocked. All suchdevices shall be clearly marked to indicate the “safe” and “fire”F2748082or “on” and “off” positions, or an
33、indicator on the safety devicewhich exposes both a red color and a groove when the lowenergy air gun is in the “fire position.” All such devices shallbe capable of preventing the low energy air guns from beingdischarged when a weight of 9.1 kg (20 lb) is applied to thetrigger. Tests shall be conduct
34、ed in accordance with 8.3.7.3 Accidental DischargeLow energy air guns should notaccidentally discharge when exposed to a drop in accordancewith 8.4.7.4 Trigger MechanismThe weight applied to the triggernecessary to fire a low energy air gun shall be more than 1 60.05 lb (0.45 6 0.09 kg) weight and l
35、ess than 16 6 0.20 lb (7.36 0.09 kg). Tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.5.7.5 Barrel Diameter SizeThe barrel diameter (excludinghop-up mechanism) of a low energy air gun must be no lessthan the maximum size of projectile designed for that lowenergy air gun (for example, 6 mm for a low en
36、ergy air gunwhich will shoot 6 mm projectiles).7.6 Structural Integrity Requirement for Low Energy AirGuns Using CO2Propulsion SystemsLow energy air gunsusing CO2propulsion systems shall be constructed to preventthe full or partially filled CO2cylinder from being propelledfrom the gun while the cyli
37、nder is being emptied, installed, orremoved.7.7 Temperature Test for Low Energy Air Guns Using CO2Propulsion SystemsLow energy air guns using CO2gaspropulsion systems shall be capable of retaining the CO2andthe cylinder in a pierced state when both are heated to atemperature of 160 6 5F (71 6 2.7C)
38、and maintained for12h without structural failure of the low energy air gun. Testsshall be conducted in accordance with 8.6. Seal failure betweenthe low energy air gun and cylinder is acceptable.7.8 Muzzle EnergyLow energy air guns shall have amuzzle energy of 1.0 joule or less. Tests shall be conduc
39、ted inaccordance with 8.8.8. Test Methods8.1 No precision statement on any of the following testmethods is available at this time.8.2 Low Energy Air Gun Function Test:8.2.1 SignificanceThis method is performed to ensure thatthe low energy air gun, when operated in accordance with themanufacturers op
40、erating instructions, will not discharge ex-cept in accordance with the manufacturers instructions duringcocking, pumping, loading, and charging.8.2.2 Apparatus:8.2.2.1 Manufacturers operating instructions for the lowenergy air gun.8.2.2.2 Projectiles conforming to Specification F 2679 andmanufactur
41、ers recommended propellants.8.2.2.3 Appropriate back stop.8.2.3 Test SpecimenThe test specimen shall consist of anew low energy air gun, selected in accordance with themanufacturers usual quality assurance practices.8.2.4 Procedure:8.2.4.1 Conduct the test at room temperature (60 to 80F (16to 27C).8
42、.2.4.2 Insert the manufacturers recommended propellant(if required) and load the projectile magazine or chamber of alow energy air gun to capacity.8.2.4.3 Operate the low energy air gun in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions. Test fire the low energy air gununtil all the projectiles have b
43、een discharged. Reload the lowenergy air gun, if required, and continue to fire until aminimum of 100 projectiles have been discharged.8.2.4.4 If a low energy air gun has variable functions(power, hop-up, mode, etc.) test the low energy air gun with atleast 10 projectiles for each of the possible co
44、mbination of suchvariables.8.2.4.5 The low energy air gun passes the test if nodischarge of a projectile occurred except in accordance withmanufacturers instructions.8.3 Safety Device Test:8.3.1 SignificanceThis method determines if the safetydevice will withstand a 9.1 kg (20 lb) applied weight wit
45、houtfailure, causing the low energy air gun to discharge.8.3.2 ApparatusA trigger weight system having a 9.1 60.02 kg (20 6 0.05 lb) weight. Arrange the weight system sothat the weight can be picked up by the trigger of the lowenergy air gun with the low energy air gun in a verticalposition, muzzle
46、up. (Aspring gauge, capable of measuring thetrigger force, can be used instead of weight system.)8.3.3 Test SpecimenThe test specimen shall consist of anew low energy air gun, selected in accordance with themanufacturers usual quality assurance practices.8.3.4 Procedure:8.3.4.1 Conduct the test at S
47、ATP.8.3.4.2 Conduct all tests without projectiles in the lowenergy air gun.8.3.4.3 Place safety device in “safe” position or the elec-tronic switch in the “off” position.8.3.4.4 Apply a 9.1 kg (20 lb) load at the center point of thetrigger for 20 s with the load applied to the center of the faceof t
48、he trigger and remove the load.8.3.4.5 Put safety device in the “fire” position or theelectronic switch in the “on” position. The low energy air gunmust not discharge as the safety is disengaged.8.3.4.6 Test the low energy air gun for proper trigger andsafety device action.8.3.4.7 The low energy air
49、 gun passes the test if it with-stands the load applied without causing it to discharge duringthe application of the load and does not discharge upon thedisengagement of the safety device, and the safety devicefunctions properly after testing.8.4 Accidental Discharge Test (Drop Test):8.4.1 SignificanceThis method determines if the low en-ergy air gun will withstand a drop of 36 in. (914 mm) withoutfiring and without allowing the manufacturers recommendedpropellant to escape (if such propellant is used).8.4.2 Apparatus:8.4
