1、Designation: G213 17Standard Guide forEvaluating Uncertainty in Calibration and FieldMeasurements of Broadband Irradiance with Pyranometersand Pyrheliometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance and recommended prac-tices for evaluating un
3、certainties when calibrating and per-forming outdoor measurements with pyranometers and pyrhe-liometers used to measure total hemispherical- and direct solarirradiance. The approach follows the ISO procedure for evalu-ating uncertainty, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty inMeasurement (GUM)
4、JCGM 100:2008 and that of the jointISO/ASTM standard ISO/ASTM 51707 Standard Guide forEstimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for RadiationProcessing, but provides explicit examples of calculations. It isup to the user to modify the guide described here to theirspecific application, based on measureme
5、nt equation andknown sources of uncertainties. Further, the commonly usedconcepts of precision and bias are not used in this document.This guide quantifies the uncertainty in measuring the total (allangles of incidence), broadband (all 52 wavelengths of light)irradiance experienced either indoors or
6、 outdoors.1.2 An interactive Excel spreadsheet is provided as adjunct,ADJG021317. The intent is to provide users real worldexamples and to illustrate the implementation of the GUMmethod.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thi
7、sstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 T
8、his international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trad
9、e (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG167 Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Using aPyrheliometerGuide for Estimating Uncertainti
10、es in Dosimetry for Radia-tion Processing2.2 ASTM Adjunct:2ADJG021317 CD Excel spreadsheet- Radiometric Data Un-certainty Estimate Using GUM Method2.3 ISO Standards3ISO 9060 Solar EnergySpecification and Classification ofInstruments for Measuring Hemispherical Solar and Di-rect Solar RadiationISO/IE
11、C Guide 98-3 Uncertainty of MeasurementPart 3:Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(GUM:1995)ISO/IEC JCGM 100:2008 GUM 1995, with MinorCorrections, Evaluation of Measurement DataGuide tothe Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement3. Terminology3.1 Standard terminology related to sola
12、r radiometry in thefields of solar energy conversion and weather and durabilitytesting are addressed in ASTM Terminologies E772 and G113,respectively. Some of the definitions of terms used in this guidemay also be found in ISO/ASTM 51707.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This test
13、method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 onWeathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.09on Radiometry.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published May 2017. DOI: 10.1520/G021317.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
14、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP
15、 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established
16、 in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.1 aging (non-stability), na percent change of theresponsivity per year; it is a measure of long-term non-st
17、ability.3.2.2 azimuth response error, na measure of deviation dueto responsivity change versus solar azimuth angle.NOTE 1Often cosine and azimuth response are combined as “Direc-tional response error,” which is a percent deviation of the radiometersresponsivity due to both zenith and azimuth respons
18、es.3.2.3 broadband irradiance, nthe solar radiation arrivingat the surface of the earth from all wavelengths of light(typically wavelength range of radiometers 300 to 3000 nm).3.2.4 calibration error, nthe difference between valuesindicated by the radiometer during calibration and “true value.”3.2.5
19、 cosine response error, na measure of deviation dueto responsivity change versus solar zenith angle. See Note 1.3.2.6 coverage factor, nnumerical factor used as a multi-plier of the combined standard uncertainty in order to obtain anexpanded uncertainty.3.2.7 data logger accuracy error, na deviation
20、 of thevoltage or current measurement of the data logger due toresolution, precision, and accuracy.3.2.8 effective degrees of freedom, neff, for multiple (N)sources of uncertainty, each with different individual degreesof freedom, ithat generate a combined uncertainty uc, theWelch-Satterthwaite form
21、ula is used to compute:veff5uc4i51Nu4ivi(1)3.2.9 expanded uncertainty, nquantity defining the inter-val about the result of a measurement that may be expected toencompass a large fraction of the distribution of values thatcould reasonably be attributed to the measurand.3.2.9.1 DiscussionExpanded unc
22、ertainty is also referredto as “overall uncertainty” (BIPM Guide to the Expression ofUncertainty in Measurement).4To associate a specific level ofconfidence with the interval defined by the expanded uncer-tainty requires explicit or implicit assumptions regarding theprobability distribution characte
23、rized by the measurementresult and its combined standard uncertainty. The level ofconfidence that may be attributed to this interval can be knownonly to the extent to which such assumptions may be justified.3.2.10 leveling error, na measure of deviation or asym-metry in the radiometer reading due to
24、 imprecise leveling fromthe intended level plane.3.2.11 non-linearity, na measure of deviation due toresponsivity change versus irradiance level.3.2.12 primary standard radiometer, nradiometer of thehighest metrological quality established and maintained as anirradiance standard by a national (such
25、as National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) or international standardsorganization (such as theWorld Radiation Center (WRC) of theWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO).3.2.13 reference radiometer, nradiometer of high metro-logical quality, used as a standard to provide measurementstrac
26、eable to measurements made using primary standard radi-ometer.3.2.14 response function, nmathematical or tabular repre-sentation of the relationship between radiometer response andprimary standard reference irradiance for a given radiometersystem with respect to some influence quantity. For example,
27、temperature response of a pyrheliometer, or incidence angleresponse of a pyranometer.3.2.15 routine (field) radiometer, ninstrument calibratedagainst a primary-, reference-, or transfer-standard radiometerand used for routine solar irradiance measurement.3.2.16 sensitivity coeffcient (function), n d
28、escribes howsensitive the result is to a particular influence or input quantity.3.2.16.1 DiscussionMathematically, it is partial derivativeof the measurement equation with respect to each of theindependent variables in the form:yxi! 5 ci5yxi(2)where y(x1,x2, xi) is the measurement equation in inde-p
29、endent variables, xi.3.2.17 soiling effect, na percent change in measurementdue to the amount of soiling on the radiometers optics.3.2.18 spectral mismatch error, radiometer, na deviationintroduced by the change in the spectral distribution of theincident solar radiation and the difference between t
30、he spectralresponse of the radiometer to a radiometer with completelyhomogeneous spectral response in the wavelength range ofinterest.3.2.19 temperature response error, na measure of devia-tion due to responsivity change versus ambient temperature.3.2.20 tilt response error, na measure of deviation
31、due toresponsivity change versus instrument tilt angle.3.2.21 transfer standard radiometer, nradiometer, often areference standard radiometer, suitable for transport betweendifferent locations, used to compare routine (field) solar radi-ometer measurements with solar radiation measurements bythe tra
32、nsfer standard radiometer.3.2.22 Type A standard uncertainty, adjmethod of evalu-ation of a standard uncertainty by the statistical analysis of aseries of observations, resulting in statistical results such assample variance and standard deviation.3.2.23 Type B standard uncertainty, adjmethod of eva
33、lu-ation of a standard uncertainty by means other than thestatistical analysis of a series of observations, such as pub-lished specifications of a radiometer, manufacturersspecifications, calibration, or previous experience, or combi-nations thereof.3.2.24 zero offset A, na deviation in measurement
34、output(W/m2) due to thermal radiation between the pyranometer andthe sky, resulting in a temperature imbalance in the pyranom-eter.3.2.25 zero offset B, na deviation in measurement output(W/m2) due to a change (or ramp) in ambient temperature.4International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) Work
35、ing Group 1 of theJoint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM/WG 1).2008. “Evaluation ofMeasurement DataGuide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(GUM).” JCGM 100:2008 GUM 1995 with minor corrections.G213 172NOTE 2Both Zero Offset A and Zero Offset B are sometimescombined as “Thermal of
36、fset,” which are due to energy imbalances notdirectly caused by the incident short-wave radiation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The evaluation of the uncertainty of any measurementsystem is dependent on two specific components: a) theuncertainty in the calibration of the measurement system, andb) the
37、 uncertainty in the routine or field measurement system.This guide provides guidance for the basic components ofuncertainty in evaluating the uncertainty for both the calibra-tion and measurement uncertainty estimates. The guide isbased on the International Bureau of Weights and Measures(acronym fro
38、m French name: BIPM) Guide to the Uncertaintyin Measurements, or GUM.44.2 The approach explains the following components; de-fining the measurement equation, determining the sources ofuncertainty, calculating standard uncertainty for each source,deriving the sensitivity coefficient using a partial d
39、erivativeapproach from the measurement equation, and combining thestandard uncertainty and the sensitivity term using the root sumof the squares, and lastly calculating the expanded uncertaintyby multiplying the combined uncertainty by a coverage factor(Fig. 1). Some of the possible sources of uncer
40、tainties andassociated errors are calibration, non-stability, zenith andazimuth response, spectral mismatch, non-linearity, tempera-ture response, aging per year, datalogger accuracy, soiling, etc.These sources of uncertainties were obtained from manufac-turers specifications, previously published r
41、eports on radio-metric data uncertainty, or experience, or combinations thereof.4.2.1 Both calibration and field measurement uncertaintyemploy the GUM method in estimating the expanded uncer-tainty (overall uncertainty) and the components mentionedabove are applicable to both. The calibration of bro
42、adbandradiometers involves the direct measurement of a standardsource (solar irradiance (outdoor) or artificial light (indoor).The accuracy of the calibration is dependent on the skycondition or artificial light, specification of the test instrument(zenith response, spectral response, non-linearity,
43、 temperatureFIG. 1 Calibration and Measurement Uncertainty Estimation Flow ChartModified from Habte A., Sengupta M., Andreas A., Reda I., Robinson J. 2016. “The Impact of Indoor and Outdoor Radiometer Calibration on Solar Measurements,”NREL/PO-5D00-66668. http:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66668.pdf.G
44、213 173response, aging per year, tilt response, etc.), and referenceinstruments. All of these factors are included when estimatingcalibration uncertainties.NOTE 3The calibration method example mentioned in Appendix X1is based on outdoor calibration using the solar irradiance as the source.5. Signifi
45、cance and Use5.1 The uncertainty in outdoor solar irradiance measure-ment has a significant impact on weathering and durability andthe service lifetime of materials systems. Accurate solarirradiance measurement with known uncertainty will assist indetermining the performance over time of component m
46、aterialssystems, including polymer encapsulants, mirrors, Photovol-taic modules, coatings, etc. Furthermore, uncertainty estimatesin the radiometric data have a significant effect on the uncer-tainty of the expected electrical output of a solar energyinstallation.5.1.1 This influences the economic r
47、isk analysis of thesesystems. Solar irradiance data are widely used, and theeconomic importance of these data is rapidly growing. Forproper risk analysis, a clear indication of measurement uncer-tainty should therefore be required.5.2 At present, the tendency is to refer to instrumentdatasheets only
48、 and take the instrument calibration uncertaintyas the field measurement uncertainty. This leads to over-optimistic estimates. This guide provides a more realisticapproach to this issue and in doing so will also assists users tomake a choice as to the instrumentation that should be used andthe measu
49、rement procedure that should be followed.5.3 The availability of the adjunct (ADJG021317)5uncer-tainty spreadsheet calculator provides real world example,implementation of the GUM method, and assists to understandthe contribution of each source of uncertainty to the overalluncertainty estimate. Thus, the spreadsheet assists users ormanufacturers to seek methods to mitigate the uncertainty fromthe main uncertainty contributors to the overall uncertainty.6. Basic Uncertainty Components for EvaluatingMeasurement Uncertainty of Pyranom
