1、Designation: G 88 05Standard Guide forDesigning Systems for Oxygen Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygenor oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive docu-ment. Specifically, this guide addresses s
3、ystem factors thataffect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughlyaddress the selection of materials of construction for whichGuides G63 and G94 are available, nor does it covermechanical, economic or other design considerations for whichwell-known practices are available. This guid
4、e also does notaddress issues concerning the toxicity of nonmetals in breath-ing gas or medical gas systems.NOTE 1The American Society for Testing and Materials takes noposition respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted inconnection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of th
5、is guide areexpressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluationmethods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and dataare entirely their own responsibility.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
6、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.3 This standard guide is organized as follows:Section Title SectionReferenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1CGA Docu
7、ments 2.3EIGA Documents 2.4ASTM Manuals 2.5Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Purpose of G 88 4.1Role of G 88 4.2Use of G 88 4.3Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen or Oxygen-Enriched System5General 5.1Factors Recognized as Causing Fires 5.2Temperature 5.2.1Spontaneous Ignition 5.2.2Pressure 5
8、.2.3Concentration 5.2.4Contamination 5.2.5Section Title SectionParticle Impact 5.2.6Heat of Compression 5.2.7Friction and Galling 5.2.8Resonance 5.2.9Static Electric Discharge 5.2.10Electrical Arc 5.2.11Flow Friction 5.2.12Mechanical Impact 5.2.13Kindling Chain 5.2.14Other Ignition Mechanisms 5.2.15
9、Test Methods 6System Design Method 7Overview 7.1Final Design 7.2Avoid Unnecessarily Elevated Temperatures 7.3Avoid Unnecessarily Elevated Pressures 7.4Design for System Cleanness 7.5Avoid Particle Impacts 7.6Minimize Heat of Compression 7.7Avoid Friction and Galling 7.8Avoid Corrosion 7.9Avoid Reson
10、ance 7.10Use Proven Hardware 7.11Design to Manage Fires 7.12Anticipate Indirect Oxygen Exposure 7.13Minimize Available Fuel/Oxygen 7.14Avoid Potentially Exothermic Material Combinations 7.15Anticipate Common Failure Mechanism Consequences 7.16Avoid High Surface-Area-to-Volume (S/V) Conditionswhere P
11、ractical7.17Avoid Unnecessarily-Elevated Oxygen Concentrations 7.18Anticipate Permutations from Intended System Design 7.19Avoid Designs and Failure Scenarios that can IntroducePotential Flow Friction Ignition Hazards7.20Use Only the Most Compatible of Practical Materialsand Designs7.21Provide Thoro
12、ugh Safety Training for All PersonnelWorking with Oxygen or Oxygen-EnrichedComponents or Systems, including Design,Cleaning, Assembly, Operations, andMaintenance as Applicable to Personnel7.22Miscellaneous 7.23Examples 8Key Words 9References2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2G63 Guide for Ev
13、aluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxy-gen Service1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G04 on Compatibilityand Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee G04.02 on Recommended Practices.Current edition approved July 1, 20
14、05. Published November 2005. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as G 88 90 (1997)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
15、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.G72 Test Method for Autogenous Ignition Temperature ofLiquids and Solids in a High-Pressure Oxygen-EnrichedEnvironmentG74 Test Met
16、hod for Ignition Sensitivity of Materials toGaseous Fluid ImpactG93 Practice for Cleaning Methods for Material andEquipment Used in Oxygen-Enriched EnvironmentsG94 Guide for Evaluating Metals for Oxygen ServiceG 128 Guide for Controlling the Hazards and Risks inOxygen Enriched SystemsG 175 Test Meth
17、od for Evaluating the Ignition Sensitivityand Fault Tolerance of Oxygen Regulators Used forMedical and Emergency Applications2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJG0088 Oxygen Safety Videotape and Separate2.3 ASTM Manual:Manual 36 Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems:Guidelines for Oxygen System Design, Materials
18、Selec-tion, Operations, Storage, and Transportation2.4 Compressed Gas Association Documents:CGA G-4.1 Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen ServiceCGA G-4.4 Oxygen Pipeline SystemsCGA G-4.6 Oxygen Compressor Installation and OperationGuideCGA G-4.8 Safe Use of Aluminum Structured Packing forOxygen Distillat
19、ionCGAG-4.9 Safe Use of BrazedAluminum Heat Exchangersfor Producing Pressurized OxygenCGA P-8.4 Safe Operation of Reboilers/Condensers in AirSeparation UnitsCGA P-8 Safe Practices Guide for Air Separation PlantsCGA PS-15 Toxicity Considerations of Nonmetallic Mate-rials in Medical Oxygen Cylinder Va
20、lves2.5 European Industrial Gases Association Documents:EIGA/IGC Doc 11/82 Centrifugal Oxygen CompressorCode of PracticeEIGA/IGC Doc 13/02/E Oxygen Pipeline SystemsEIGA/IGC Doc 27/01 Centrifugal Oxygen CompressorCode of PracticeEIGA/IGC Doc 65/99/E Safe Operation of Reboilers/Condensers in Air Separ
21、ation UnitsEIGA/IGC Doc 73/00/E High-Pressure Breathing Gas Sys-tems Toxicity Risks of Using Non Metallic Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 characteristic elementsthose factors that must bepresent for an ignition mechanism to be active in an oxygen-enric
22、hed atmosphere.3.1.2 direct oxygen serviceservice in contact with oxygenduring normal operations. Examples: oxygen compressor pis-ton rings, control valve seats.3.1.3 gallinga condition whereby excessive friction be-tween high spots results in localized welding with subsequentsplitting and a further
23、 roughening of rubbing surfaces of one orboth of two mating parts.3.1.4 indirect oxygen serviceservice in which oxygen isnot normally contacted but in which it might be as a result ofa reasonably foreseeable malfunction (single fault), operatorerror, or process disturbance. Examples: liquid oxygen t
24、ankinsulation, liquid oxygen pump motor bearings.3.1.5 oxygen-enriched atmospherea fluid (gas or liquid)mixture that contains more than 25 mol % oxygen.3.1.6 qualified technical personnelpersons such as engi-neers and chemists who, by virtue of education, training, orexperience, know how to apply ph
25、ysical and chemical prin-ciples involved in the reactions between oxygen and othermaterials.4. Significance and Use4.1 Purpose of Guide G 88The purpose of this guide is tofurnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent informationfor use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety ofoxy
26、gen systems. It emphasizes factors that cause ignition andenhance propagation throughout a systems service life so thatthe occurrence of these conditions may be avoided or mini-mized. It is not intended as a specification for the design ofoxygen systems.4.2 Role of Guide G 88ASTM Committee G04s abst
27、ractstandard is Guide G 128, and it introduces the overall subjectof oxygen compatibility and the body of related work andrelated resources including standards, research reports and avideo3G04 has developed and adopted for use in coping withoxygen hazards. The interrelationships among the standardsa
28、re shown in Table 1. Guide G 88 deals with oxygen systemand hardware design principles, and it is supported by aregulator test, and a computer algorithm.4Other standardscover: (1) the selection of materials (both metals and nonmet-als) which are supported by a series of standards for testingmaterial
29、s of interest and for preparing materials for test; (2) thecleaning of oxygen hardware which is supported by a series ofstandards on cleaning procedures, cleanliness testing methods,and cleaning agent selection and evaluation; (3) the study offire incidents in oxygen systems; and (4) related termino
30、logy.4.3 Use of Guide G 88Guide G 88 can be used as aninitial design guideline for oxygen systems and components,but can also be used as a tool to perform safety audits ofexisting oxygen systems and components. When used as anauditing tool for existing systems, Guide G 88 can be appliedin two stages
31、: first examining system schematics/drawings,then by visually inspecting the system (that is, “walking thepipeline”). Guide G 88 can be used in conjunction with thematerials selection/hazards analysis approach outlined inGuides G63and G94to provide a comprehensive review ofthe fire hazards in an oxy
32、gen or oxygen-enriched system (1).55. Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen orOxygen-Enriched System5.1 GeneralAn oxygen system designer should under-stand that oxygen, fuel, and heat (source of ignition) must be3Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order ADJG0088.4ASTM G4Math Utility software, av
33、ailable from ASTM International Technicalmaximizing the use of system materials with properties thatresist ignition and burning, especially where ignition mecha-nisms are active; and using good practices during systemdesign, assembly, operations and maintenance.5.2 Factors Recognized as Causing Fire
34、s:5.2.1 TemperatureAs the temperature of a material in-creases, the amount of energy that must be added to produceignition decreases (2). Operating a system at unnecessarilyelevated temperatures, whether locally or generally elevated,reduces the safety margin. The ignition temperature of the mosteas
35、ily ignited material in a system is related to the temperaturemeasured by Test Method G72, but is also a function of systempressure, configuration and operation, and thermal history ofthe material. Elevated temperature also facilitates sustainedburning of materials that might otherwise be self-extin
36、guishing.5.2.1.1 Thermal IgnitionThermal ignition consists ofheating a material (either by external or self-heating means, seealso section 5.2.2) in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperaturesufficient to cause ignition. In thermal ignition testing, thespontaneous ignition temperature is normally used
37、 to ratematerial compatibility with oxygen as well as evaluate amaterials ease of ignition. The ignition temperature of a givenmaterial is generally dependent on its thermal properties,including thermal conductivity, heat of oxidation, and thermaldiffusivity, as well as other parameters such as geom
38、etry andenvironmental conditions (22). The characteristic elements offorced thermal ignition in oxygen include the following:5.2.1.1.1 An external heat source capable of heating a givenmaterial to its spontaneous ignition temperature in a givenenvironment.5.2.1.1.2 A material with a spontaneous igni
39、tion tempera-ture below the temperature created by the heat source in thegiven configuration and environment.5.2.1.1.3 Example: A resistive element heater in a thermalrunaway fault condition causing oxygen-wetted materials innear proximity to spontaneously ignite.5.2.2 Spontaneous IgnitionSome mater
40、ials, notably cer-tain accumulations of fines, porous materials, or liquids mayundergo reactions that generate heat. If the heat balance (therate of heating compared to the rate of dissipation) is unfavor-able, the temperature of the material will increase. In somecases, a thermal runaway temperatur
41、e (a critical condition)may be attained and some time later the material may sponta-neously ignite. Ignition and fire may occur after short (secondsor minutes) or over long (hours, days or months) periods oftime. In the most extreme cases, the thermal runaway tempera-ture may be near or below normal
42、 room temperature. Thecharacteristic elements of spontaneous ignition in oxidantsinclude the following:5.2.2.1 A material that reacts (for example, oxidizes, de-composes) at temperatures significantly below its ignitiontemperature. If the rate of reaction is low, the effect of reactioncan still be l
43、arge if the material has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio (such as dusts, particles, foams, chars, etc.).Likewise, materials that will not spontaneously combust inbulk forms may become prone to do so when subdivided. Insome cases, reaction products may instead serve to passivatethe material surfa
44、ce producing a protective coating that pre-vents ignition so long as it is not compromised (by melting,cracking, flaking, spalling, evaporating. etc.). Reaction prod-ucts may also stratify or otherwise form an ignition-resistantbarrier.TABLE 1 Role of Guide G 88 with Respect to Other ASTM G04Standar
45、d Guides and Practices and their SupportingTest MethodsAG 128 Guide to Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen-EnrichedSystemsG 88 Designing Systems for Oxygen ServiceG 175 Evaluating the Ignition Sensitivity and Fault Tolerance ofOxygen RegulatorsG63 Evaluating Nonmetallic MaterialsD 2512 Compatibil
46、ity of Materials With Liquid Oxygen(Mechanical Impact)D 2863 Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to SupportCandle-Like Combustion (Oxygen Index)D 4809 Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels byBomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)G72 Autogenous Ignition Temperature of Liquids and Solids
47、inHigh-Pressure Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresG74 Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to Gaseous Fluid ImpactG 86 Determining Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to MechanicalImpact in Pressurized Oxygen EnvironmentsG 114 Aging Oxygen-Service Materials Prior to FlammabilityTestingG 125 Measuring Liquid and
48、 Solid Material Fire Limits in GaseousOxidantsG94 Evaluating MetalsG 124 Determining the Combustion Behavior of Metallic Materialsin Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresG93 Cleaning Methods for Material and EquipmentG 120 Determination of Soluble Residual Contamination inMaterials and Components by Soxhlet E
49、xtractionG 136 Determination of Soluble Residual Contaminants inMaterials by Ultrasonic ExtractionG 144 Determination of Residual Contamination of Materials andComponents by Total Carbon Analysis Using a HighTemperature Combustion AnalyzerG 127 Guide to the Selection of Cleaning Agents for OxygenSystemsG 122 Test Method for Evaluating the Effectiveness ofCleaning AgentsG 121 Preparation of Contaminated Test Coupons for theEvaluation of Cleaning AgentsG 131 Cleaning of Materials and Components by UltrasonicTechniquesG 145 Studying Fire Incidents in Oxygen SystemsG 126 T
