1、Effects of Weldingon Health, XI550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126Effects of Weldingon Health, XIPrepared forAWS Safety and Health CommitteeResearch performed byBiomedical Toxicology AssociatesFrederick, MarylandWritten byWinifred G. Palmer, Ph.D.and James C. Eaton, P.E.AbstractThis literatu
2、re review, with 171 citations, was prepared under contract to the American Welding Society for its Safetyand Health Committee. The review deals with studies of the fumes, gases, radiation, and noise generated during variouswelding processes. Section 1 summarizes recent studies of occupational exposu
3、res, Section 2 contains information re-lated to the human health effects, and Section 3 discusses the effects of welding on animals and cell cultures.Key WordsWelding, health, cancer, disease, exposure, fumes, gases, literature review, metal fume fever, noise,radiation, toxicologyiiInternational Sta
4、ndard Book Number: 0-87171-652-6American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2001 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaThis report is published as a service and convenience to the welding industry and is the product of an independ
5、ent con-tractor (Biomedical Toxicology Associates) which is solely responsible for its contents. The materials in this report havenot been independently reviewed or verified and are offered only as information. AWS assumes no responsibility for anyclaim that may arise from the use of this informatio
6、n. Users should make independent investigations to determine theapplicability of this information for their purposes.iiiPersonnelAWS Safety and Health CommitteeS. R. Fiore, Chair ESAB Welding and Cutting ProductsM. E. Wallace, Vice Chair NIOSHS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyJ. M. An
7、tonini NIOSHK. Bancroft Florida Division of SafetyR. Berg Tower Automotive ProductsK. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Co.J. D. Jennings Miller Electric Manufacturing Co.S. F. Kane Brookhaven National LaboratoryK. A. Lyttle Praxair, Inc.A. F. Manz A. F. Manz AssociatesR. J. Tucker Dalloz Safety*W. J. A
8、stleford Southwest Research Institute*A. Chatterjee Caterpillar, Inc.*O. J. Fisher Consultant*S. S. Glickstein Westinghouse Electric Corp.*J. F. Hinrichs The Welding-Link*M. T. Neu Caterpillar, Inc.*R. J. Simonton U.S. Department of Energy*D. H. Sliney U.S. Army Center*R. M. Tuggle U.S. Department o
9、f Energy*M. J. Vasquez Equiva LLC*AdvisorvForeword(This Foreword is not a part of Effects of Welding on Health, XI, but is included for information purposes only.)This literature review was prepared for the Safety and Health Committee of the American Welding Society to providean assessment of curren
10、t information concerning the effects of welding on health, as well as to aid in the formulation anddesign of research projects in this area, as part of an on going program sponsored by the Committee. Previous work con-sists of the reports Effects of Welding on Health, IndexI through X, each covering
11、 approximately 18 months to twoyears. Conclusions based on this review and recommendations for further research are presented in the introductory por-tions of the report. Referenced materials are available from:Biomedical Toxicology Associates6184 Viewsite DriveFrederick, MD 21701(301) 662-0783viiGl
12、ossary*ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsAtopy Positive response to skin prick tests with common allergensBALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluidCI Confidence IntervalCr(III) Trivalent chromiumCr(VI) Hexavalent chromiumCT Computed tomographydB DecibelDyspnea Difficulty breathi
13、ng; shortness of breathEDTA EthylenediaminetetraacetateEMF Electromagnetic fieldFFR Fume formation rateGMAW Gas metal arc weldingHRCT High resolution computed tomographyHz HertzIgA Immunoglobulin AIgE Immunoglobulin EIL-1 Interleukin-1IL-4 Interleukin-4IL-6 Interleukin-6IR InfraredLeukocyte White bl
14、ood cellMRI Magnetic resonance imagingT Microteslan Number of subjectsNIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Healthnm NanometerOR Odds ratioOSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration0PMR Proportional mortality ratioPCB Polychlorinated biphenylsPEL Permissible exposure limitRR R
15、elative riskSIR Standardized incidence ratioSCE Sister chromatid exchangeSMAW Shielded metal arc weldingSMR Standardized mortality ratioTLV Threshold Limit ValueTNF Tumor necrosis factorTWA Time-weighted averageUV UltravioletUVA UV wavelengths of 315400 nmUVB UV wavelengths of 280315 nmUVC UV wavele
16、ngths of 100280 nm*Abbreviations for commonly used pulmonary function tests are found in Table 5.ixAcknowledgmentsFunds for this project were provided by the American Welding Society.The American Welding Society gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the program by industry contributions.S
17、upporting OrganizationsAir Products and Chemicals, Inc.Airco Welding ProductsAllis-ChalmersAlloy Rods Division, The Chemetron Corp.AWS Detroit SectionAWS New Orleans SectionArcos Corp.The Binkley Co.Caterpillar Tractor Co.Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.Grove Manufacturing Company, Division of Kidde, Inc
18、.General Electric Co.The Heil Co.Hobart Brothers Co.INCO Alloys InternationalThe Lincoln Electric Co.Miller Manufacturing Co.National-Standard Co.A. O. Smith Corp.Teledyne-McKay, Inc.Trinity Industries, Inc.Truck Trailer Manufacturing AssociationWalker Stainless Equipment Co.Weld Tooling Corp.Many o
19、ther organizations have also made contributions to support the ongoing program from May 1979 to the present.xiTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel iiiForeword vGlossary . viiAcknowledgments . ixList of Tables. xiiiList of Figures. xiiiIntroduction . 1Executive Summary 3Technical Summary.7Section OneTh
20、e Exposure1. Fume Composition 152. Ozone 173. Analytical Methods .173.1 Nickel173.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls174. Workplace Exposures175. Electromagnetic Radiation 216. Electromagnetic Fields226.1 Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields .226.2 Interaction with Cardiac Defibrillators .227. Hygiene and Wor
21、k Practices .237.1 Protective Gear and Equipment 237.2 Traumatic Injuries.237.3 Electrocution.247.4 Hazards Faced by Tradeswomen 247.5 Safety 257.6 Hazard Surveys .25Section TwoEffects of Welding on Human Health8. Respiratory Tract.258.1 Pulmonary Function258.2 Occupational Asthma308.3 Other Allergi
22、c Respiratory Tract Conditions358.4 Respiratory Symptoms358.5 Pulmonary Hypertension 368.6 Pneumoconiosis 369. Cancer369.1 Lung Cancer369.2 Cancer of the Trachea .409.3 Cancers Associated with Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) .40xiiPage No.9.4 Cancer of the Central Nervous System.409.5 Cancer of the Ey
23、e409.6 Prostate Cancer .419.7 Malignant Lymphoma.419.8 Biliary Tract Cancer4110. Magnetopneumography and Related Techniques4111. Effects on the Ear 4312. Effects on the Eye and Vision .4313. Effects on the Skin 4413.1 Dermatosis 4413.2 Burns.4514. Effects on the Nervous System4514.1 Amyotrophic Late
24、ral Sclerosis .4514.2 Manganese and Aluminum .4615. Effects on the Musculoskeletal System.4615.1 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 4615.2 Epicondylitis .4615.3 Lower Back Pain.4716. Effects on the Kidney 4716.1 Chromium .4716.2 End-Stage Renal Failure .4817. Effects on the Cardiovascular System.4817.1 Cardiova
25、scular Disease.4817.2 Vibration-Induced White Finger.18. Effects on Reproduction5118.1 Effects on Fertility 5118.2 Birth Defects .5119. Effects of Specific Metals .5219.1 Effects of Manganese5219.2 Effects of Beryllium5219.3 Effects of Cadmium 5219.4 Effects of Lead5320. General Health Effects 5421.
26、 Case Reports5422. Biological Monitoring.5523. Biomarkers 5523.1 Genotoxicity5523.2 DNA-Protein Cross-Links.5623.3 Metals in Hair .56Section ThreeInvestigations in Animals and Cell Cultures24. Effects of Welding Fumes on the Lungs .57References 58xiiiList of TablesTable Page No.1 Concentrations of W
27、elding Fumes and Components in the Breathing Zone During SMAWof Inconel Alloy .182 Components of Welding Fumes from SMAW of Mild and Stainless Steel and AutomaticGMAW of Mild Steel Expressed as Percent of Total Fume 193 Ultraviolet Radiation in the Work Area Produced by Welding and Cutting Technique
28、s.214 Details of Welding Electrical Fatalities245 Common Measurements of Pulmonary Function 266 Chest X-Ray Abnormalities Found in Asbestos-Exposed Metal Workers 297 Welding Fume Exposures in a British Shipyard: Mean Exposures (95% Confidence Intervals) 328 Results of a Meta-Analysis of Lung Cancer
29、in Welders Combined Relative Risks (RR) from36 Studies.399 Decrease in Noise Levels in Two Areas of a Swedish Automobile Plant4410 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Conditions Consistent with Ischemic HeartDisease for Specific Exposures5011 Summary of Studies Showing Positive and Negative
30、 Associations Between Paternal Weldingand Reproductive Effects .5112 The Relationship Between Occupation and Blood Lead Levels in Workers in Jordan .5313 Particle Size and Elemental Composition of Welding Fume Samples.58List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Development of Sparks Over Surface Pores 152 Cr(
31、VI) Formation Rate at Different Voltages with Metal Cored Wires Containing SmallQuantities of Manganese, Zinc, or Aluminum.173 Changes in Airways Responsiveness During the First 9 Years of Experience in the Tradefor Mild Steel (Regular) Welders, Shop Floor Workers, and Office Workers .324 Comparison
32、 of Retained Iron in the Lungs of Welders and Controls 425 Odds Ratios (and 95% Confidence Intervals) for Chronic Renal Failure Among Workerswith Common Occupational Exposures.496 Correlation of Chromium in Red Blood Cells with Lymphocyte Levels of DNA-ProteinCross-Links (DPC).577 Comparison of beta
33、-n-Acetyl Glucosaminidase Activity in Bronchoalveolar LavageFluid from Rats Treated with Mild Steel and Stainless Steel Welding Fumes 591EWH, XIIntroductionThe health of workers in the welding environment is a major concern of the American Welding Society. To stayabreast of this subject, the health
34、literature is periodically reviewed and published in the report Effects of Welding onHealth. Ten volumes have been published to date; the first covered data published before 1978, while the remaindercovered 1 to 3 year periods between 1978 and December, 1994. The current report includes information
35、published betweenJanuary 1995 and December, 1996. It should be read in conjunction with the previous volumes for a comprehensivetreatment of the literature on the Effects of Welding on Health. Included in this Section 1 of this volume are studies of thecharacteristics of welding emissions that may h
36、ave an impact on the control technologies necessary to protect the welder.In keeping with previous volumes, health reports and epidemiological studies of humans are discussed in Section 2 andorganized according to the affected organ system. Research studies in animals are discussed in Section 3.Many
37、 of the studies on the effects of welding on health published during the current report period focused on mattersthat have been explored in the older literature. The question of whether or not welding causes a decrease in the functionof the lungs or causes an increased incidence of pulmonary disease
38、s such as bronchitis continues to be explored. Investi-gations of the association of asthma with welding increase in number as the prevalence of both occupational and non-occupational asthma increases worldwide in industrialized countries. As in the past, attention is focused on the incidenceof lung
39、 cancer in welders and the contribution of the potential carcinogens nickel and chromium encountered in stainlesssteel welding to the incidence of the disease. Current studies do not indicate that stainless steel welders are at a greaterrisk for developing lung cancer than are mild steel welders. Ho
40、wever, studies in laboratory rats showed that stainlesssteel welding fumes are cleared more slowly from the lungs than are mild steel welding fumes. Studies from Ukrainecontinue to focus on the deposition and potential deleterious effects of iron in organs other than the lung. While, as in thepast,
41、no studies focused on health effects of welding in women due to their small representation in the trade, two articlesaddressed the question of ergonomic, safety, and sociological stresses faced by female construction workers.3EWH, XIHealth and SafetyThe importance of proper training was demonstrated
42、in a case report by Arend et al. (Ref. 10) who described acase of arc welding maculopathy in a 26-year-old malewelding student who experienced blurred vision in botheyes immediately after leaving a 4-hour arc weldingcourse. Having been improperly instructed about choiceof protective lenses, he chose
43、 to use lenses that affordedhim the greatest visibility of the weld area but providedinadequate protection against visible light radiation. Ex-amination 12 hours later revealed oval white lesions inthe foveas of both eyes with a blind spot in each eye andsmall loss of visual acuity. Little improveme
44、nt was seenupon examination 1 year later. Special needs for trainingwere also expressed by women interviewed by Goldenhar(Ref. 58). Unlike men, who are frequently exposed intheir childhood to the use of, and precautions associatedwith shop tools and mechanical equipment, womenrarely have this exposu
45、re as youths and may need moretraining than men when entering construction trades toensure that they are familiar with hazards associated withwelding equipment and other tools and machinery.Burns. Serious burns have resulted from sparks pro-duced during resistance welding. Excessive welding cur-rent
46、 results in the formation of free molten metal whichcan be ejected with high velocity from the weld site asmetal sparks. These sparks can penetrate deeply into theskin and may require surgical excision. Four such inju-ries were described in 1993 (Ref. 2) and 1994 (Ref. 57)and, more recently, Shanaha
47、n described (Ref. 129) fivecases which occurred within a one-month period at amotor vehicle factory. Three of the injuries occurredthrough leather gloves and two involved injuries of un-protected skin. Surgical excision of the metal particleswas required for each of these injuries, and skin grafting
48、was necessary in all but one.Effects on the Respiratory TractPulmonary Function Changes in Welders. Beckett etal. (Ref. 16) found that respiratory symptoms increasedand a small decline in pulmonary function occurred dur-ing the course of a single workshift among welders in aBritish shipyard. No chan
49、ges in pulmonary function wereseen, however, in welders in the same shipyard over a3-year period. No deleterious effects of welding on pul-monary function were seen in studies of Canadian weldersand cutters (Ref. 126) and French welders and metal-workers (Sobascek, Ref. 135) but, in the latter study,welders of stainless steel had a significantly increased in-cidence of shortness of breath on exertion.Other investigators found small, but significant, dec-rements in pulmonary function in populations of weld-ers. Chinn et al. (Ref. 32) found significantly diminishedlung function in ship
