1、 1P3C 30042-RE (5/13) QG AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniti
2、ng the efforts of the full spectrum of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the people and the environment. Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks Third Edition 1P5.25C 30028-3E (3/14) QG Dedicated to the worlds most impo
3、rtant resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. Manual of Water Supply Practices M28 Rehabilitation of Water
4、Mains M28 T he goal of the manual is to provide engineers, contractors, decision makers, and others with an overview of processes used to rehabilitate water mains. In covering the processes, it gives considerations concerning which rehabilitation process to use and offers suggestions for a successfu
5、l project. This third edition updates and expands categories to encompass available, proven processes and gives other rehabilitation considerations , such as “keyhole” technology and cathodic protection. M28 Rehabilitation of Water Mains, Third Edition Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association
6、. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marksThird Edition Manual of Water Supply Practices M28 Rehabilitation of Water Mains Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.
7、org Manual of Water Supply Practices M28, Third Edition Rehabilitation of Water Mains Copyright 1987, 2001, 2014 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photoco
8、py, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or
9、 any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as
10、a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. AWWA Senior Manager of Editorial Development and Production: Gay Porter De Nileon AWWA Senior Technical Editor/Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Cover Art: Cheryl Armstrong Production:
11、Janice Benight Design Studio AWWA Senior Manuals Specialist: Molly Beach If you find errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
12、 Rehabilitation of water mains. - Third edition / edited by Jon Turner, Mike Queen, Leonard Assard.pages cm. - (AWWA manual ; M28) (Manual of water supply practices ; M28)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-970-6 (alk. paper)1. Water-pipes-Maintenance and repair. 2. Water-
13、pipes-Cleaning. 3. Water-pipes-Linings. I. Turner, Jon (Hydraulic engineer) II. Queen, Mike. III. Assard, Leonard. TD491.R395 2014628.150288-dc232013042949 Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13 978-1-58321-970-6 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-248-3 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. Al
14、l Rights Reserved. iii Contents AWWA Manual M28 Ideal crop marks List of Figures, v List of Tables, vii Foreword, ix Acknowledgments, xi Chapter 1 Pipeline Renewal Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Distribution System Water Quality Improvement,
15、2 Hydraulic Improvement, 3Structural Improvement, 5Water Main Condition Evaluation, 6Prioritization, 6Costs and Benefits, 7Rehabilitation Solutions, 7Selection of Rehabilitation Solutions, 7Reference, 10 Chapter 2 Preconstruction Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . 11Advance Planning Considerations, 11Preparation of Plans and Specifications, 12Water Main Rehabilitation Contracts, 12 Chapter 3 Maintaining Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Bypass Piping, 15Community Relations,
17、 18Summary, 18References, 18 Chapter 4 Pipeline Cleaning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Flushing, 19Air Scouring, 20Mechanical Cleaning Techniques, 20Fluid-Propelled Cleaning Devices, 21Metal Scrapers, 25Cleaning by Power Boring, 29Ball Cleaning
18、, 32References, 32 Chapter 5 CementMortar Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33CementMortar Lining, 33Reference, 37 Chapter 6 Spray-On Polymer Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Definition o
19、f Polyurea Materials, 40Reference, 46 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. AWWA Manual M28 iv Chapter 7 Cured-In-Place Pipe Lining Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Classification of Systems, 47Reference, 51 Chapter 8 Sliplining . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Sliplining and Modified Sliplining, 53Sliplining, 53Modified Sliplining Techniques, 58Symmetrical Reduction Systems, 60Folded and Formed Systems, 62Expanded PVC Systems, 64Liner Termination Fitti
21、ngs, 64References, 75 Chapter 9 Internal Joint Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Fitting Procedure for Internal Joint Seals, 70References, 10 Chapter 10 Pipe Bursting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77History, 77Process Overview, 77Water Main Pipelines Replaced By Pipe Bursting, 81Differences Between Pipe Bursting, 83Project Execution Recommendations, 85Replacement Pipe Materials, 86Conclusions, 87References, 87 Chapter 11 Reinstatement of Service Laterals . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Lateral Reinstatement for Spray-Applied Linings, 89Lateral Reinstatement for Nonspray-Applied Linings, 90Pavement Coring and Grouting, 94Pipeline Robots for Lateral Reinstatement, 94Reference, 95 Chapter 12 Cathodic Protection Retrofit
24、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Predesign Field Testing, 97System Design, 99Testing and Maintenance, 100Reference, 100 Chapter 13 Program Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Customer/Community
25、 Relations, 101Project Notifications, 102Communication Needs, 104Responding to Problems, 105Contract Documents, 106Post-Construction Activities, 107 Appendix A Structural Lining Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Index, 115 List of AWWA Manuals, 119 C
26、opyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M28 v Figures 1-1 Pipe with tuberculation caused by corrosion, 3 1-2 Selection of rehabilitation techniques to resolve water quality problems, 8 1-3 Selection of rehabilitation techniques to resolve flo
27、w, pressure, and leakage problems, 9 1-4 Selection of rehabilitation techniques to resolve structural problems, 10 3-1 Bypass installation for residential and commercial water service, 17 4-1 Drag cleaning, 21 4-2 Foam pig, 22 4-3 A foam pig with hardened coatings, 22 4-4 Loose debris flushed ahead
28、of the pig, 23 4-5 Pigs launched through a disassembled fire hydrant, 24 4-6 Scraper unit with specially tempered steel blades, 25 4-7 Several scraper units assembled together in the field, 26 4-8 A series of disks to act as a hydraulic piston, 26 4-9 A sandbag dam to create a pond for particle sett
29、ling, 27 4-10 A spool piece installed at the entry and exit points for mechanical scrapers, 28 4-11 Rack-feed boring machine, 30 4-12 Cleaning pipe by power boring, 30 4-13 Cleaning head, 31 5-1 A cementmortar lining machine for use in small-diameter pipe, 34 5-2 Introduction of a small lining machi
30、ne, 34 5-3 A cementmortar lining machine for use in large-diameter pipe, 35 5-4 A pipe ready to be returned to service four to seven days after cementmortar lining, 36 6-1 Lining spray in progress, 43 6-2 Lining equipment vehicle, 44 6-3 Spray head retrieval pit, 44 7-1 Glass reinforced CIPP felt co
31、mposite lining system, 48 7-2 Felt liner fed into the pipe utilizing the inversion process, 49 7-3 Curing of liner by heating of inversion water after liner is in place, 49 7-4 Cross-section of woven hose, 50 7-5 Forming of the liner, 51 8-1 Insertion of fused PVC for a 3,500 ft slipline, 57 8-2 Exi
32、t of the sliplined pipe from host pipe, 57 8-3 Liner prepared for reconnection, 58 8-4 Roller-based symmetrical reduction liner machine, 61 8-5 Fusing expansion head for symmetrical reduction process, 62 8-6 Site-folded HDPE liner, 64 8-7 Special liner grip fitting, 65 8-8 Special liner grip fitting
33、, 66 8-9 Special multi-grip fitting, 67 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vi AWWA Manual M28 9-1 Joint area is cleaned and prepared prior to installation of the seal, 71 9-2 A nontoxic lubricating soap is applied and the seal is carefully positioned with its retai
34、ning band, 72 9-3 An expansion ring is placed over each retaining band and a wedge is inserted between the band ends, 74 9-4 Completed section showing installed internal joint seals, 74 10-1 Typical pneumatic pipe bursting set up, 79 10-2 Typical static pipe bursting set upstep 1, bursting rod insta
35、llation, 79 10-3 Typical static pipe bursting set upstep 2, bursting set up, 80 10-4 Typical static pipe bursting set upstep 3, pipe bursting, 80 10-5 Roller cutter used to cut through steel pipe and mechanical coupling, 81 10-6 Roller cutter beginning to split steel pipe, 82 10-7 Roller cutter spli
36、tting steel pipe while first cutter cuts barrel of mechanical coupling, 82 10-8 Roller cutter splitting not only steel pipe and barrel of mechanical coupling but also the ring sections of the fitting, 83 11-1 Internal tap connecting a structural or semistructural lining to a lateral pipe, 92 11-2 Va
37、rious keyhole tools used to connect service laterals to a new water main, 93 11-3 Electrofusion saddle, with copper pipe and fittings, ready for installation with long-handled tools, 93 11-4 Keyhole core and replacement coupon, 94 12-1 Over-the-line electrical resistance testing, 98 12-2 Verifying v
38、oltage and current requirements for a cathodically protected pipeline, 100 13-1 A sample letter notifying consumers of work to be done, 103 13-2 A sample water shut-off notice to be handed out to each customer, 104 13-3 A sample caution notice to be posted at the work site, 106 Copyright 2014 Americ
39、an Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M28 vii 1-1 HazenWilliams roughness coefficient, 4 1-2 General comparison of hydraulic improvements, 5 1-3 Relative risk assessment, 7 6-1 Spray-applied polymer lining features and benefits, 41 8-1 HDPE modified sliplining
40、 methods, 59 9-1 Material details for internal joint seals, 70 9-2 Retainer band expansion pressures, 73 Tables Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix Ideal crop mar
41、ks AWWA Manual M28 The water industry in the United States is faced with quite a challenge. Much of its buried infrastructure is aged and approaching the end of its useful life. Water system pipeline infrastructure primarily installed in the 1950s and 1960s or earlier has served its communities well
42、. Across the country, water mains provide water to communities with day and night reliability except for the occasional water main interruption. However, that is changing as the pipelines have met or are already exceeding the expected life spans of the pipeline materials. Increasing failures of aged
43、 pipeline networks may reach a performance level unacceptable to customers and burdensome to the operators of the systems. Conventional pipeline replacements of older pipeline infrastructure have not occurred fast enough, largely owing to financial constraints. Failures are now impacting major trans
44、mission mains. As a result, communities now are faced with an almost insurmountable challenge to perform the inevitable task of replacing these key and critical water main pipelines. Coupled with reductions in revenue and a slowly recovering economy, the task is especially daunting. Water main rehab
45、ilitation may offer part of the solution by renewing more pipe at less cost. Water main rehabilitation is not a new concept. Cementmortar lining of water main pipelines is one of the oldest rehabilitation methods. The oil and gas industry was the first to develop systems and techniques beyond cement
46、mortar lining to rehabilitate critical pipeline networks without the use of conventional open-trench construction. The wastewater industry was the next utility group to firmly adopt pipeline rehabilitation techniques. The expansion of various technologies among these pipe-focused industries created
47、numerous companies, processes, and materials as many groups scrambled to “build a better mousetrap.” The fervor that resulted saw the installation of millions of feet of pipeline rehabilitation products in communities across the country and overseas. The water industry, particularly in the United St
48、ates, is the last to fully realize the economic, social, and community benefits of rehabilitation. Conventional construction has its place and continues to be utilized on a widespread scale; however, water main and water service rehabilitation has been steadily increasing in use and effectiveness. C
49、om- panies that were engaged in the wastewater pipe rehabilitation process expanded their technologies to develop products that could withstand the internal pipeline pressures as well as be approved for potable water use. The number of rehabilitation projects being performed is expected to grow as the price of raw materials has risen and competition for limited space in public right-of-ways has increased with other buried utilities (including systems that have moved from aerial to burial). The second edition of the M28 Water Main Rehabi
