1、Manual of Water Supply Practices M44 Third Edition Distribution Valves: Selection, Installation, Field Testing, and MaintenanceManual of Water Supply PracticesM44, Third Edition Distribution Valves: Selection, Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance Copyright 1996, 2006, 2016 American Water Wor
2、ks Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, with
3、out the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages
4、 arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. If you find err
5、ors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource-development-groups/manuals-program.aspx. Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Senior Manuals Specialist: Mindy Burke Senior Production Editors: Cheryl Armstr
6、ong, Sandra Lankenau Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Morgan, Kenneth C. | Oberoi, Kanwal. | American Water Works Association. Title: M44-distribution valves : selection, installation, field testing, and maintenance / by Kenneth C. Morgan, Kanwal Oberoi. Other titles: Distri
7、bution valves Description: Second edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association, 2016. Identifiers: LCCN 2015050635| ISBN 9781625760821 | ISBN 9781613003343 (eISBN) Subjects: LCSH: Water-pipes-Valves. | Water-Distribution. Classification: LCC TD491 .M6164 2016 | DDC 628.1/5-dc23 LC record
8、 available at http:/lccn.loc. gov/2015050635 American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62576-082-1 eISBN: 978-1-61300-334-3 hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of th
9、is AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands ofiii Contents Figures, v Tables, vii Preface, ix Acknowledgments, xi
10、 Chapter 1 History and Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 History, 1 Design Considerations, 3 Chapter 2 Types and Selection of Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Valves Used for On-Off Operation and Fl
11、ow Control, 10 Valves Used Primarily for On-Off Operation, 19 Special-Purpose Valves, 21 Actuators, 27 Valve-End Connections, 29 Chapter 3 Valve Tests, Unloading, Inspection, and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Manufacturing Plant Valve Tests, 31 Manufacturers Documents, 32 Unload
12、ing at the Utility, 33 Inspection After Unloading, 37 Storage, 38 Bolts, 38 Chapter 4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Inspection Before Installation, 39 Installation, 40 Pressure Testing the Water Main and Valv
13、es After Installation, 41 Before Replacing an Existing Valve, 42 Replacement Valve Installation, 42 Chapter 5 Valve Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ValvesDynamic Assets, 51 Valve Asset Management, 52 Valve Asset ManagementSample Ris
14、k Scoring Plan, 57 Chapter 6 Distribution Valves Emergency or Shutdown Response Planning . . . . . . 61 Planning a Response, 62 Prior to an Emergency or Shutdown Event, 62 During the Event, 62 After the Event, 63 Postincident Review, 63 References and Additional Readings, 65 Index, 67 List of AWWA M
15、anuals, 69 AWWA Manual M44This page intentionally blank.v AWWA Manual M44 Figures1-1 A historical timeline for valve development, 21-2 Valve elements (rectangular butterfly valve), 41-3 Eccentric plug valve with handwheel actuator, 51-4 Eccentric plug valve with hydraulic actuator, 62-1 Globe valve,
16、 112-2 Butterfly valve, 122-3 Eccentric nonlubricated plug valve, 142-4 Cone valve, 152-5 Resilient-seated ball valve, 162-6 Pinch valve, 172-7 Diaphragm valve, 182-8 Flow-control valve, 182-9 Gate valves: (A) Solid wedge and (B) resilient wedge, 202-10 Gate valve, 202-11 (A) Swing-type check valves
17、 with lever and weight and (B) air cushion device/standard swing-check per C508, 222-12 Air-release valve, 232-13 Air-vacuum valve, 232-14 Combination air valve, 242-15 Flood safe inflow preventer, 242-16 Pressure-relief valve, 262-17 Pressure-reducing valve, 262-18 Insertion valve, 272-19 Manual ac
18、tuators/traveling nut/worm gear, 282-20 Hydraulic cylinder actuator, 282-21 Electric actuator, 282-22 Valve-end connections, 293-1 Sample shop drawing (figure continues), 343-1 Sample shop drawing (continued), 353-2 Information from an operations and maintenance manual, 364-1 Crossover tighten metho
19、d, 404-2 Drawing of a typical valve casing, 444-3 Drawing of a typical valve casing extension and plug, 454-4 Drawing of a typical valve casing top section, 464-5 Drawing of a typical valve casing bottom section, 474-6 Drawing of a typical valve bonnet, 48 4-7 Valve vault cross section, 49This page
20、intentionally blank.vii AWWA Manual M44 Tables4-1 Flange Bolting Specifications, 505-1 Example valve asset inventory, 575-2 Example consequence of failure matrix, 585-3 Example probability of failure matrix, 585-4 Total risk score, 59This page intentionally blank.ix Preface The importance of valves
21、in the water distribution system cannot be overstated. Their effective selection, installation, operation, maintenance, repair, and replacement are vital to appropriately conveying an essential product to the customer. The primary focus of M44 is distribution valves; however, other valves essential
22、to plant operations are also dis- cussed. Specific to distribution systems, M44 is a guide for the selection, installation, field testing, and maintenance of water distribution valves. This manual offers a brief history of valves and an overview of their theory and flow characteristics. It is a disc
23、ussion of recommended practice rather than an AWWA standard calling for compliance with certain specifications. It provides guidance on generally avail- able valve alternatives. Questions about specific situations or the applicability of a particu- lar valve should be directed to the manufacturer or
24、 supplier. Information contained in M44 is useful for operators, technicians, and engineers for all sizes of utilities, but it is particularly useful for small- and medium-sized organiza- tions. The manual primarily discusses the more commonly used valves, but some of the “specialty” or “special use
25、” valves are covered as well. The extent of the presentation of the specialty valves is only to introduce their availability and applications. This manual provides general information to utilities and contractors on the proper installation and field testing of valves. Essential procedures related to
26、 operation and main- tenance are also covered within this document. Additionally, procedures for determin- ing valve criticality to assist an agency to establish, implement, and maintain an effective utilization of valves during their response to emergencies is provided as well. Fire hydrants, altho
27、ugh technically considered valves, are not covered in this man- ual. The reader is referred to AWWA Manual M17, Installation, Field Testing, and Mainte- nance of Fire Hydrants. This manual (M44) refers to AWWA standards for various types of valves. Copies of these standards may be purchased from the
28、 AWWA Bookstore. Several manufacturers graciously provided valve illustrations and other documenta- tion. AWWA does not endorse any manufacturers products, and the names of the manu- facturers have been removed from the material provided. Metrication note: Valve sizes are listed in their current US
29、designation; i.e., nomi- nal pipe sizes in inches. To obtain an exact metric equivalent, use a conversion factor of 2 5 . 4 m m / i n . AWWA Manual M44This page intentionally blank.xi Acknowledgments AWWA Manual M44 The AWWA Technical and Educational Council and the AWWA Distribution and Plant Opera
30、tions Division gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by those volunteers who drafted, edited, and provided the significant and critical commentary essential to updating this manual. The Technical Review Board members dedicated many hours in the final stages of preparation of this edition to
31、ensure the overall technical quality, con- sistency, and accuracy of the manual. Technical Review Board Members Kenneth C. Morgan, Chair of M44 subcommittee, Town of Gilbert, Gilbert, Ariz. Kanwal Oberoi, Charleston Water System, Charleston, S.C. Jonathan Peters, Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cinc
32、innati, Ohio Greg Ramon, Little Rock Wastewater, Little Rock, Ark. Charles Sparks, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif. Tim McCandless, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. Contributors to the Kenneth C. Morgan, Chair of M44 subcommittee, Town of Gilbert, Gilbert
33、, Ariz. Todd Alcott, Waterous Company, South St. Paul, Minn. Larry Aulich, Mueller Company, Chattanooga, Tenn. Dan Barr, Burgess with gauges at the same elevation, the upstream gauge will show higher pressure than the downstream gauge. Different pipe materials experience different levels of friction
34、 and so are said to have different friction factors. For example, a copper pipe is smoother than an iron pipe, and water flowing through the copper pipe will encounter less friction. In addition, for a given nominal diameter, the inside actual diameter may vary depending on pipe material. Flow is af
35、fected not only by the roughness of the pipe but also by the pipe diameter; friction increases as the diameter of the pipe decreases. The pressure drop associated with flow through a valve, i.e., the friction loss in the valve, depends on the type of valve. Many equations allow distribution designer
36、s to calculate the pressure drop in a given system. System designers can calculate average flow resistance based on the turbu- lence of the flow, the roughness of the pipe, pipe diameter, valve and bend types, and other factors. Generally, the flow resistance of a valve is expressed in terms of the
37、length of straight steel pipe that would have an equivalent resistance. For example, a 12-in. gate valve is rated at about a 13.2-ft (4-m) equivalent length of clean schedule 40 steel pipe, and a 12-in. globe valve is rated at about 340 ft (100 m). The relative resistance of PVC is about half that of steel. The considerable complexity of the flow resistance of valves is beyond the scope of this manual. For more information, consult the sources listed in the additional read- ings at the end of the manual and manufacturers technical data.
