1、BS 4008:2006Specification for cattle gridsICS 65.040.10NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 48108 5
2、The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference B/201Draft for comment 05/30144001 DCPublication historyFirst published, March 1966Second edition, December 1973Third edition, January 1992Fourth edition, April 2006Amendments issued since publicationAmd. no. Date T
3、ext affectedBS 4008:2006 BSI 2006 iBS 4008:2006ContentsForeword ii1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions 24 Animal welfare 25 Siting 36 Materials 37 Geometry 58 Design 79 Highways 9AnnexesAnnex A (informative) Recommendations on the use, location, design, construction and maintenan
4、ce of cattle grids 12Bibliography 17List of figuresFigure 1 Typical cattle grid layout 10Figure 2 Typical detail of cattle grid 11Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 17 and a back cover.BS 4008:2006ii BSI 2006ForewordPublishing inf
5、ormationThis British Standard was published by BSI and came into effect on 28 April 2006. It was prepared by Technical Committee B/201, Fences and gates. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.SupersessionThis British Standard supersedes BS
6、4008:1991, which is withdrawn.Information about this documentThis revision updates the standard in line with changes to other standards and legislation and clarifies some aspects of the standard. The factors to be considered before it is decided to use a cattle grid for the containment of animals ar
7、e so diverse and the variations available so numerous that this document specifies only the fundamental requirements for a cattle grid and contains advice on associated topics in Annex A. The associated fencing and alternative access are essential to the successful operation of a cattle grid but req
8、uirements will vary with location, frequency of use and stock to be contained and recommendations are contained in the Annex. Maintenance is a vital factor in the success of a cattle grid and some advice is given. If the incentive for escape is great enough, escapes and attempted escapes will occur.
9、 The requirements of this document are aimed at limiting both the occurrence and consequences of escape or attempted escape. Presentational conventionsThe provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its requirements are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxili
10、ary verb is “shall”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are respons
11、ible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BSI 2006 1BS 4008:20061 ScopeThis British Standard specifies requirements for cattle grids suitable for the containment of stock whilst permitting the passage of pneumatic tyred vehicle
12、s. This standard covers grids suitable for containment of cattle, sheep, deer, goats and pigs; and in certain circumstances, suitable for the containment of horses. Annex A gives recommendations on the use, location, design, construction and maintenance of cattle grids.2 Normative referencesThe foll
13、owing referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.BS 187, Specification for calcium silicate (sandlime and f
14、lintlime) bricksBS 873 (all parts), Road traffic signs and internally illuminated bollardsBS 1070, Specification for black paint (tar-based)BS 1722 (all parts), FencesBS 3416, Specification for bitumen-based coatings for cold application, suitable for use in contact with potable water BS 3921, Speci
15、fication for clay bricksBS 4729, Specification for dimensions of bricks of special shapes and sizesBS 4921, Specification for sherardized coatings on iron or steelBS 5328 (all parts), ConcreteBS 5502-22, Buildings and structures for agriculture Code of practice for design, construction and loadingBS
16、 5628 (all parts), Code of practice for use of masonryBS 5709, Gaps, gates and stiles SpecificationBS 6073 (all parts), Precast concrete masonry unitsBS 6457, Specification for reconstructed stone masonry unitsBS 8110 (all parts), Structural use of concreteBS 8118-1, Structural use of aluminium Code
17、 of practice for designBS 8118-2, Structural use of aluminium Specification for materials, workmanship and protectionBS EN 10025 (all parts), Hot rolled products of structural steelsBS EN 10143, Continuously hot-dip metal coated steel sheet and strip Tolerances on dimensions and shapeBS EN 10240, In
18、ternal and/or external protective coatings for steel tubes Specification for hot dip galvanized coatings applied in automatic plantsBS 4008:20062 BSI 2006BS EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles Specifications and test methodsBD 37/01, Design manual for roads
19、 and bridges: Volume 1 Loads for Highway Bridges NOTE BD 37/01 is available from The Highways Agency, Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1W 9HA.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this British Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 cattle griddevice, set in a roadway, consisti
20、ng of a number of transverse members supported over a pit; it forms a barrier to stock but provides access for vehicles NOTE Guard fences and by-pass facilities if provided form part of the grid.3.2 transverse membersseries of members set at right angles to the road to provide a running surface3.3 p
21、itcavity formed below the transverse members3.4 stockanimals to be contained within a boundary of which the cattle grid forms a part3.5 side wallswalls at the edge of the pit parallel to the road3.6 end wallswalls at the edge of the pit at right angles to the road3.7 intermediate supportswalls or be
22、ams supporting the transverse members, at right angles to them3.8 guard fencebarriers associated with the cattle grid to prevent encroachment by animals3.9 by-pass facilitiesalternative means of passage4 Animal welfare4.1 GeneralThe design, location and construction of the cattle grid shall, as a mi
23、nimum, provide for the welfare of the stock being contained, small wild animals and other animals using the by-pass facility. BSI 2006 3BS 4008:20064.2 Small animal ramps4.2.1 LocationRamps to aid the escape of small animals shall be provided at a minimum to one but preferably to two corners of the
24、pit, positioned to exit the pit on the side away from stock containment. Ramps shall be between 150 mm and 200 mm wide at a slope not exceeding 1 in 2 parallel to the transverse members. The surface of ramps shall not be smooth. 4.2.2 AccessWhere the pit is divided into compartments by intermediate
25、support walls, holes at least 150 mm diameter shall be formed to permit access to the ramps from all compartments. 5 Siting5.1 GeneralCattle grids shall not be sited within 18 m of a junction. The approach width shall be adequate for anticipated manoeuvres. NOTE Further guidance and recommendations
26、on siting can be found in A.4.5.2 GradientsCattle grids shall be sited so that their top surface has a transverse gradient flatter than 1 in 40. NOTE It is strongly recommended that the longitudinal gradient is flatter than 1 in 20. However, in hilly areas where a gradient below 1 in 20 is not possi
27、ble, grids might still be acceptable. In such cases, their gradient should follow that road plane in which they are situated and particular consideration should be given to the skid resistance of the grid.5.3 VisibilityCattle grids shall be sited to be clearly visible to approaching traffic.6 Materi
28、als6.1 General Materials not covered by a British Standard shall be used in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. NOTE Further guidance and recommendations on materials can be found in A.5.BS 4008:20064 BSI 20066.2 SafetyThe design and layout of a cattle grid shall provide for the safet
29、y of all legitimate users of the route.All materials, surfaces and fittings that under normal operations are likely to come into contact with persons and/or livestock shall be free from projections, sharp edges or perforations that could cause damage or injury.6.3 Toxicity All materials used, includ
30、ing coatings and preservatives, shall be non-toxic to humans, animals and crops. 6.4 Concrete Concrete shall be selected and used in accordance with BS 5328 and BS 8110 to the appropriate exposure category for the location. NOTE In general, the environment can be classified as moderate, unless the g
31、rid is located in an area that experiences severe conditions, e.g. in certain locations the road will be subject to de-icing salts.6.5 Masonry Masonry when used in structural applications shall comply with BS 5628. Clay and calcium silicate bricks shall be selected for strength, water absorbency and
32、 durability in accordance with BS 3921 and BS 187 respectively. Special shaped clay bricks shall comply with BS 4729. Precast concrete masonry units shall be selected for compressive strength, density and other requirements according to BS 6073. Reconstructed stone, cast stone and natural stone maso
33、nry units shall be selected in accordance with BS 6457.6.6 Aluminium Aluminium for structural use shall comply with BS 8118-1 and BS 8118-2.6.7 Steel6.7.1 GeneralSteel for structural use shall comply with BS EN 10025. NOTE Where steel tubes or hollow sections are employed, it is recommended that app
34、ropriate dimensions be selected from either BS EN 10210-2 or BS EN 10219-2. BSI 2006 5BS 4008:20066.7.2 ProtectionSteel shall be protected by one of the following treatments or other treatments meeting the design life: a) continuously hot-dip zinc or zinc alloy coating as specified in BS EN 10143, b
35、efore fabrication; b) hot-dip galvanizing as specified in BS EN ISO 1461, or sheradized coating as specified in BS 4921, after fabrication; NOTE If galvanized tube or hollow section is cut to length or fabricated (e.g. welded) reference is drawn to BS EN ISO 1461 which gives guidance on protection.c
36、) one works coat of a paint complying with BS 1070 or of a solution complying with type 1 of BS 3416; d) one works coat of red oxide primer or a suitable equivalent;e) tube or structural hollow section supplied, before fabrication, in the galvanized condition in accordance with BS EN 10240. NOTE 1 T
37、he protective treatments specified in items c) and d) are not intended to serve as finishing coats. The protective coatings specified in c) are only suitable to receive further coatings of the same material. Any bolts or other fasteners shall be protected against corrosion by galvanizing, sheradizin
38、g or other effective means.NOTE 2 For example BS EN 10143.Where high strength friction grip bolts are used, the interfaces forming the connection shall not be painted. 6.8 TimberTimber shall not be used for structural members. When used in a guard fence the timber shall be of the quality specified i
39、n the relevant part of BS 1722.7Geometry7.1 Relationship to road profileThe aprons and the grid shall maintain the longitudinal profile of the road. NOTE The aprons can be used as a transition between the transverse profile of the road and the grid. 7.2 Pit length (distance between end walls)The pit
40、 length for stock except deer shall be at least 2.6 m. For deer this shall be increased to at least 4.0 m. NOTE Further guidance and recommendations on pit length can be found in A.6.BS 4008:20066 BSI 20067.3 Pit width (distance between side walls)The pit width shall be determined by the class of ro
41、ad/access but shall not be less than 2.75 m. NOTE On private roads the need for two-lane traffic is rare, and by restricting the distance between the guard fences to a width that will take the widest (and probably the heaviest) vehicle expected, its wheels are forced to run in one path only under wh
42、ich the supports can be fixed. 7.4 Pit depth (distance from top surface of transverse members to the pit base)The depth shall be at least 250 mm but not greater than 450 mm. NOTE From the point of view of animal deterrence, there is no need for a pit to be deeper than 250 mm. This is considered a pr
43、eferred dimension in terms of animal welfare. The increased depth is to permit drainage falls and/or to accommodate structural members. 7.5 Spacing of transverse membersThe members shall be equally spaced along the grid within a tolerance of 5 mm. The clear space between members shall be between 130
44、 mm and 150 mm. The centres of the transverse members shall not exceed the clear space between members plus 80 mm. NOTE The clear gap specified is important. Not only can a narrow gap be spanned by a big hoof, but the less open a grid appears to an animal the more it is encouraged to attempt a cross
45、ing. A gap of 130 mm allows one to stand on the floor of the pit with ones legs between the members when carrying out maintenance; it also allows freedom of movement for an animal should it get its legs down in an attempt to cross; legs might be wedged in a narrower gap. Tubes and circular hollow se
46、ctions and composite sections with a semicircular top spaced to give a gap of 130 mm give a smooth ride to wheeled traffic, including bicycles. With flat-topped sections the gap can be increased to 150 mm without jarring traffic. 7.6 Distance between supports/stiffenersThe minimum clear distance bet
47、ween supports and between stiffeners shall be 300 mm. NOTE This requirement is to maintain the open appearance of the grid which can be enhanced by making intermediate supports narrower at the top. BSI 2006 7BS 4008:20068Design8.1 GeneralNOTE 1 Further guidance and recommendations on design can be f
48、ound in A.7. Cattle grids shall have a stated design life. Materials shall comply with Clause 6. NOTE 2 For cattle grids on public roads, a design life of 50 years is recommended.The maintenance required during the design life shall be stated in the design specification. NOTE 3 Design guidance is co
49、ntained in BS 449-2 and BS 5400. 8.2 LoadingsCattle grid design shall be based on the road loadings appropriate to the grid location. To allow for the dynamic effect of loading on a cattle grid, standard loadings shall be increased; loadings given in BD 37/01 by a factor of 2; loadings given in BS 5502-22 for agricultural loads by a factor of 1.5. The horizontal loading due to traction and braking forces and the horizontal component of factored wheel loads due to the spacing of transverse members shall be considered. 8.3 De
