1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1861:1998 The Europ
2、ean Standard EN 1861:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 01.080.30; 27.080; 27.200 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Refrigerating systems and heat pumps System flow diagrams and piping and instrument diagrams Layout and symbolsBS EN 1861:1998 This Brit
3、ish Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 December 1998 BSI 1998 ISBN 0 580 30123 0 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected National fore
4、word This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1861:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee RHE/18, Refrigeration safety, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee
5、any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references
6、 The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
7、 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises
8、 a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 28, an inside back cover and a back cover.CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights
9、of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1861:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1861 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM April 1998 ICS 01.0808.30; 27.080; 27.200 Descriptors: cooling systems, heat pumps, charts, diagrams, graphic symbols, pipin
10、g, instruments, information, classifications, presentation, selection English version Refrigerating systems and heat pumps System flow diagrams and piping and instrument diagrams Layout and symbols Syste mes de re frige ration et pompes a chaleur Sche mas synoptiques pour syste mes, tuyauteries et i
11、nstrumentation Configuration et symboles Ka lteanlagen und Wa rmepumpen Systemfliebilder und Rohrleitungs- und Instrumentenfliebilder Gestaltung und Symbole This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 March 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which st
12、ipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard
13、 exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standard
14、s bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.Page 2 EN 1861:1998 BSI 1998 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Commi
15、ttee CEN/TC 182, Refrigerating systems, safety and environmental requirements, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
16、Directive(s) 1997/23/EC. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 1998. According to the CEN/CEN
17、ELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Sw
18、itzerland and the United Kingdom. Introduction Recognizing the work already done by other committees, the work has been based on the basic series developed for process plants and other relevant symbol standards. The standard will be revised and harmonized with the relevant standards as soon as these
19、 are available. Contents Page Foreword 2 Introduction 2 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Classification, information content and presentation 3 5 Layout of diagrams 4 6 Selection of graphical symbols 5 Annex A (informative) Examples of flow diagrams for refrigerating systems 23 A
20、nnex B (informative) Letter code, general symbols and examples of measurement and control symbols 25 Annex C (informative) Bibliography 28Page 3 EN 1861:1998 BSI 1998 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the symbols and drawing rules for system flow diagrams and piping and instrument diagrams to
21、 be applied to refrigerating systems including heat pumps. These diagrams represent the configuration and function of refrigerating systems and form a part of the complete technical documentation necessary for designing, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommiss
22、ioning of a refrigerating system. This standard does not apply to refrigerating systems where the heat is extracted by an electrical circuit, e.g. Peltier-effect. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These norm
23、ative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated refe
24、rences, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. ISO 1000, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units. ISO 3098-1, Technical drawings Lettering Part 1: Currently used characters. ISO 3511-1, Process measurement control functions and instr
25、umentation Symbolic representation Part 1: Basic requirements ISO 3511-2, Process measurement control functions and instrumentation Symbolic representation Part 2: Extension of basic requirements. ISO 3511-3, Process measurement control functions and instrumentation Symbolic representation Part 3: D
26、etailed symbols for instrument interconnection diagrams. ISO 3511-4, Industrial process measurement control functions and instrumentation Symbolic representation Part 4: Basic symbols for process computer, interface, and shared display/control functions. ISO 4196, Graphical symbols Use of arrows. IS
27、O 5457, Technical drawings Sizes and layout of drawing sheets. ISO 7200, Technical drawings Title blocks. ISO 10628, Flow diagrams for process plants General rules. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following definition applies: flow diagram diagram representing the process, confi
28、guration and function of a refrigerating system, simplified with the aid of graphical symbols, annotations and alphanumeric codes 4 Classification, information content and presentation 4.1 General Depending on the information and presentation, a distinction is made between two types of flow diagrams
29、 for refrigerating systems, namely: system flow diagram (see 4.2); piping and instrument diagram (P and ID) (see 4.3). Flow diagrams shall take into account the functional requirements. The graphical presentation shall be in accordance with clause 6. The routes and the direction of flow shall be ind
30、icated by lines and arrows. All pressures indicated on flow diagrams unless otherwise stated are absolute pressures. 4.2 System flow diagram 4.2.1 General The system flow diagram shall represent a refrigerating system with the aid of graphical symbols interconnected by flow lines (see example in Fig
31、ure A.1). The graphical symbols represent components and the lines represent streams of mass and energy flows or energy carriers, e.g. pipes or wires. 4.2.2 Basic information The system flow diagram shall use the graphical symbols in accordance with clause 6 and shall at least contain the following
32、information: a) equipment and machinery necessary for the refrigerating system; b) designation and flow rates of in- and outgoing products which can be cooled or heated; c) designation of refrigerant, heat transfer medium, absorbant and adsorbant; d) characteristic operating conditions. 4.2.3 Additi
33、onal information The system flow diagram shall use the graphical symbols in accordance with clause 6 and can also contain e.g.: a) designation and flow rates of fluids between the process steps; b) essential valves in the logical position with respect to their function; c) functional demands for mea
34、surement and control at essential points; d) supplementary operating conditions; e) characteristic data of equipment, machinery and other components indicated on the drawing or in separate lists.Page 4 EN 1861:1998 BSI 1998 4.3 Piping and instrument diagram (P and ID) 4.3.1 General The piping and in
35、strument diagram (P and ID), based on the system flow diagram, shall represent the technical realization of a refrigerating system by means of graphical symbols for equipment, machinery and piping together with graphical symbols for measurement and control functions (see example in Figure A.2). 4.3.
36、2 Basic information The P and ID shall use the graphical symbols in accordance with clause 6 and shall at least contain the following information: a) designation of refrigerant, heat transfer medium, absorbant and adsorbant; b) characteristic operating conditions; c) equipment, machinery and other c
37、omponents (e.g. drives, piping, conveyors, valves and fittings) as well as installed standby equipment; d) characteristic data of equipment, machinery and other components indicated, if necessary, in separate lists; e) size, pressure rating, material and type of piping, e.g. by piping number, piping
38、 class or identification number; f) thermal insulation; g) measurement and control functions; h) safety equipment. 4.3.3 Additional information The P and ID shall use the graphical symbols in accordance with clause 6 and may also contain e.g.: a) mass flows and charges of refrigerant and heat transf
39、er medium; b) route and direction of flow of refrigerant and heat transfer medium; c) data on the construction of piping, equipment, valves, machinery and thermal insulation indicated, if necessary, in separate lists. 5 Layout of diagrams 5.1 Drawing rules 5.1.1 General The standardized drawing rule
40、s shall be used for the graphical representation of flow diagrams for refrigerating systems. 5.1.2 Drawing sheet sizes Drawing sheet sizes as shown in ISO 5457 shall be used. NOTE Considering the various copying techniques available, long sizes and sizes larger than A0 should be avoided. 5.1.3 Title
41、 block The basic title block for drawings and lists as shown in ISO 7200 shall be used. 5.2 Graphical symbols The graphical symbols shall be in accordance with clause 6 except that graphical symbols for measurement, control functions and safety equipment shall be in accordance with ISO 3511-1 to ISO
42、 3511-4 (also see annex B). 5.3 Connecting lines 5.3.1 Line width The line width shall be related to the proposed grid module (M) for flow diagrams M = 2,5 mm. To obtain a clear representation, different line widths shall be used. Main flow lines or main piping shall be highlighted. NOTE The followi
43、ng line widths, chosen from ISO 128 (see annex C), should be used: a) 1,0 mm (0,4 M) for: main flow lines; b) 0.5 mm (0,2 M) for: graphical symbols for equipment and machinery, except valves, fittings and piping accessories; rectangular boxes for illustrating unit operations, equipment, etc.; subsid
44、iary flow lines; energy carrier lines and auxiliary system lines; c) 0,25 mm (0,1 M) for: graphical symbols for valves, fittings and piping accessories; symbols for measurement, control functions, safety equipment, control and data transmission lines; reference lines; other auxiliary lines. Line wid
45、ths of less than 0,25 mm (0,1 M) shall not be used. 5.3.2 Line spacing The minimum spacing between parallel lines shall not be less than twice the width of the thickest line (see ISO 128), but not less than 1 mm. NOTE A spacing of 10 mm and more is desirable between flow lines. 5.3.3 Direction of fl
46、ow Inlet and outlet arrows as shown in ISO 4196 shall be used for indicating the inlet and outlet of streams into or out of the diagram. Arrows shall be incorporated in the line for indicating the direction of the streams within the flow diagram. Arrows shall only be used at the inlets to equipment
47、and machinery (except for pumps) and upstream of pipe branches. They shall not touch the outline of the graphical symbols. NOTE If a diagram is comprised of several sheets, it is recommended that incoming and outgoing flow lines or piping of a sheet be drawn in such a manner that the lines continue
48、at the same level when the individual sheets are joined together. 5.3.4 Connections Connections between flow lines or piping shall be drawn as shown in Table 1, subject group 1. 5.3.5 Connections of secondary system lines Secondary system lines shall be shown by short lines with indication of the di
49、rection of flow and reference to the type of energy carrier and possibly drawing number.Page 5 EN 1861:1998 BSI 1998 5.4 Inscriptions 5.4.1 Type of lettering Lettering of ISO 3098-1 shall be used. NOTE The use of vertical letters type B is recommended. 5.4.2 Height of lettering The height of letters shall be at least: a) 3,5 mm for identification numbers of major equipment; b) 2,5 mm for other inscriptions. 5.4.3 Arrangement of inscription a) Equipment Identification numbers for equi
