1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16214-4:2013Sustainability criteria forthe production of biofuelsand bioliquids for energyapplications Principles,criteria, indicators and verifiersPart 4: Calculation meth
2、ods of thegreenhouse gas emission balance using alife cycle analysis approachBS EN 16214-4:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16214-4:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/20, Sustainability of bio
3、energy.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI S
4、tandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75040 3ICS 75.160.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text
5、 affectedBS EN 16214-4:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16214-4 January 2013 ICS 75.160.20 English Version Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 4: Calculation meth
6、ods of the greenhouse gas emission balance using a life cycle analysis approach Critres de durabilit pour la production de biocarburants et de bioliquides pour des applications nergtiques - Principes, critres, indicateurs et vrificateurs - Partie 4: Mthodes de calcul du bilan des missions de GES uti
7、lisant une approche danalyse du cycle de vie Nachhaltigkeitskriterien fr die Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen und flssigen Biobrennstoffen fr Energieanwendungen - Grundstze, Kriterien, Indikatoren und Prfer - Teil 4: Berechnungsmethoden der Treibhausgasemissionsbilanz unter Verwendung einer kobilanz
8、This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 September 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical r
9、eferences concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
10、 CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Maced
11、onia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EURO
12、PISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16214-4:2013: EBS EN 16214-4:2013EN 16214-4:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1
13、Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Common elements .5 5 Biofuels and bioliquids production and transport chain 17 6 Overall calculation algorithm 28 Annex A (normative) Global Warming Potentials 32 Annex B (informative) Overall chain calculations . 33 Annex C (informative)
14、 A-deviations 37 Annex D (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the requirements of EU Directives 2009/28/EC and 98/70/EC . 39 Bibliography . 41 BS EN 16214-4:2013EN 16214-4:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16214-4:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 383
15、 “Sustainably produced biomass for energy applications”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2013, and conflicting national standards shal
16、l be withdrawn at the latest by July 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regul
17、ations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, It
18、aly, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16214-4:2013EN 16214-4:2013 (E) 4 Introduction Directive 2009/28/EC 1 of the European Commission on the promotion of the use
19、 of energy from renewable sources, referred to as the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), incorporates an advanced binding sustainability scheme for biofuels and bioliquids for the European market. The RED contains binding sustainability criteria to greenhouse gas savings, land with high biodiversity
20、value, land with high carbon stock and agro-environmental practices. Several articles in the RED present requirements to European Member States and to economic operators in Europe. Non-EU countries may have different requirements and criteria on, for instance, the GHG emission reduction set-off. The
21、 sustainability criteria for biofuels are also mandated in Directive 98/70/EC 2 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, via the amending Directive 2009/30/EC 3 (as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gasoil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emis
22、sions). Directive 98/70/EC is referred to as the Fuels Quality Directive (FQD). In May 2009, the European Commission requested CEN to initiate work on standards on: the implementation, by economic operators, of the mass balance method of custody chain management; the provision, by economic operators
23、, of evidence that the production of raw material has not interfered with nature protection purposes, that the harvesting of raw material is necessary to preserve grasslands grassland status, and that the cultivation and harvesting of raw material does not involve drainage of previously undrained so
24、il; the auditing, by Member States and by voluntary schemes of information submitted by economic operators; Both the EC and CEN agreed that these may play a role in the implementation of the EU biofuel and bioliquid sustainability scheme. In the Communication from the Commission on the practical imp
25、lementation of the EU biofuels and bioliquids sustainability scheme and on counting rules for biofuels (2010/C 160/02, 4), awareness of the CEN work is indicated. It is widely accepted that sustainability at large encompasses environmental, social and economic aspects. The European Directives make m
26、andatory the compliance of several sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids. This European Standard has been developed with the aim to assist EU Member States and economic operators with the implementation of EU biofuel and bioliquids sustainability requirements mandated by the European D
27、irectives. This European Standard is limited to certain aspects relevant for a sustainability assessment of biomass produced for energy applications. Therefore compliance with this standard or parts thereof alone does not substantiate claims of the biomass being produced sustainably. Where applicabl
28、e, the parts of this standard contain at the end an annex that informs the user of the link between the requirements in the European Directive and the requirements in the CEN Standard. BS EN 16214-4:2013EN 16214-4:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a detailed methodology that will a
29、llow any economic operator in a biofuel or bioliquid chain to calculate the actual GHG emissions associated with its operations in a standardised and transparent manner, taking all materially relevant aspects into account. It includes all steps of the chain from biomass production to the end transpo
30、rt and distribution operations. The methodology strictly follows the principles and rules stipulated in the RED and particularly its Annex V, the EC decision dated 10 June 2010 “Guideline for calculation of land carbon stocks“ for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (2010/335/EU) 5 as wel
31、l as any additional interpretation of the legislative text published by the EU Commission. Where appropriate these rules are clarified, explained and further elaborated. In the context of accounting for heat and electricity consumption and surpluses reference is also made to Directive 2004/8/EC 6 on
32、 “the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market” and the associated EU Commission decision of 21/12/2006 “establishing harmonised efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity and heat” 7. The main purpose of this standard is to specif
33、y a methodology to estimate GHG emissions at each step of the biofuel/bioliquid production and transport chain. The specific way in which these emissions have to be combined to establish the overall GHG balance of a biofuel or bioliquid depends on the chain of custody system in use and is not per se
34、 within the scope of this part 4 of the EN 16214 standard. Part 2 of the standard, addresses these issues in detail also in accordance with the stipulations of the RED. Nevertheless, Clause 6 of this part of the standard includes general indications and guidelines on how to integrate the different p
35、arts of the chain. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (
36、including any amendments) applies. EN 16214-1:2012, Sustainably produced biomass for energy applications Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers for biofuels and bioliquids Part 1: Terminology prEN 16214-2, Sustainably produced biomass for energy applications Principles, criteria, indicato rs
37、 and verifiers for biofuels and bioliquids Part 2: Conformity assessment including chain of custody and mass balance 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 16214-1:2012 apply. 4 Common elements 4.1 General A number of elements are relevant to
38、 several steps of the biofuel/bioliquid production and transport chain. They are described in this clause to which reference is made in subsequent clauses as appropriate. BS EN 16214-4:2013EN 16214-4:2013 (E) 6 4.2 Greenhouse gases and CO2equivalence The general definition of a greenhouse gas is giv
39、en in Part 1 of this standard. Total GHG emissions are expressed in CO2equivalent (CO2eq) calculated as: Mass(CO2eq) = mass(CO2) + GWPCH4x mass(CH4) + GWPN2Ox mass(N2O) (1) where GWPCH4and GWPN2Oare the Global Warming Potentials of CH4and N2O respectively, as defined in the RED. Current values to be
40、 used are given in Annex A. 4.3 Data quality and sources Estimating the GHG emissions associated with an activity requires numerical data, often from a variety of sources. This typically involves data generated by an economic operator (such as quantities of material or energy used or produced) and d
41、ata acquired from external sources (such as the GHG balance of material or energy used or produced). Data generated by the economic operator shall be supported by appropriate records so that they can be audited and verified. Data associated with imported material and energy streams will often be obt
42、ained from the supplier. Care shall be taken that such data is fit for purpose, well documented and transparent. Literature data shall be fit-for-purpose and obtained from well documented, transparent and publicly available sources. In particular it should be as recent as possible and, where relevan
43、t, be applicable to the geographical area where the activity takes place. Generally, data is used for calculations covering a certain period of time as stipulated by the chain of custody scheme (see Clause 6). This may correspond to the production of a product consignment or, for continuous operatio
44、ns, to a given period of time. For data such as physical properties (e.g. heating value, carbon content etc.) the value used shall be close to the weighted average during the period i.e. the variability of such data within the time period shall be taken into account. 4.4 Units and symbols This stand
45、ard does not specify the units to be used by economic operators to perform calculations and express results. Different trades associated with different steps of biofuel/bioliquid production and transport chain commonly use specific units which are widely accepted and understood within that community
46、 and such units may be used. The only mandated unit is for the overall GHG balance of the biofuel/bioliquid that shall be expressed in g CO2eq/ MJ of the biofuel/bioliquid. However, units used within a calculation algorithm shall in all cases be clearly stated and be mutually consistent. Table 1 giv
47、es the recommended units and symbols. BS EN 16214-4:2013EN 16214-4:2013 (E) 7 Table 1 Recommended units and symbols Item Symbol Recommended unit Symbol Land area A Hectare ha Material quantity (mass) QmMetric tonne, kilogram t, kg Material quantity (volume) QvCubic metre, Litre m3, l Energy Mega- or
48、 Giga-Joule MJ, GJ Specific Energy sMega- or Giga-Joule per unit of the item to which the energy is attached MJ, GJ / unit GHG emissions C Gram/Kilogram/Tonne CO2eqg/kg/t CO2eqGHG emissions per unit of land area Cl Gram/Kilogram/Tonne CO2eqper hectare g/kg/t CO2eq/ha GHG specific emissions or emissi
49、on factor F Any combination of GHG emissions per unit mass, volume of energy g/kg/t CO2eq / unit Lower heating value LHV Megajoule/ kilogram or Gigajoule/tonne MJ/kg, GJ/t Distance (land) D Kilometre km Distance (sea) D Nautical mile nM 4.5 Common basis for GHG emission terms In Annex V of the RED, the total GHG emissions from the use of a biofuel/bioliquid E, expressed per MJ of the biofuel/bioliquid, is expressed by the following formula: E = eec+ el+ ep+ etd+ eu esca eccs eccr eee(2) where eecare the emissions from the extra
