1、BS EN 16789:2016 Ambient air Biomonitoring with Higher Plants Method of the standardized tobacco exposure BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 16789:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16789:2
2、016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. U
3、sers are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 86492 6 ICS 13.020.40; 13.040.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published unde
4、r the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2016. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS EN 16789:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16789 August 2016 ICS 13.020.40; 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air - Biomonitoring with Hig
5、her Plants - Method of the standardized tobacco exposure Air ambiant - Biosurveillance laide de plantes suprieures - Mthode de lexposition normalise du tabac Auenluft - Biomonitoring mit Hheren Pflanzen - Verfahren der standardisierten Tabak-Exposition This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1
6、8 June 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be
7、obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to th
8、e CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ire
9、land, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Ce
10、ntre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16789:2016 EBS EN 16789:2016 EN 16789:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scope . 7 2 Terms and definitions .
11、7 3 Principle of the method 8 4 Test method 9 4.1 Material 9 4.1.1 Plants 9 4.1.2 Substrate 9 4.1.3 Water 9 4.1.4 Exposure device 9 4.1.5 Exposure rack 10 4.2 Cultivation of plants 11 4.3 Exposure 15 4.3.1 General . 15 4.3.2 Duration of exposure 15 4.3.3 Requirements of the exposure locations . 15 5
12、 Visual injury assessment . 16 5.1 Leaf selection . 16 5.2 Identification of ozone-induced injury . 16 5.3 Recognition of injuries not caused by ozone 16 5.4 Assessment of ozone-induced leaf injury 17 6 Data handling and data reporting 17 6.1 General . 17 6.2 Tests of exposure location differences f
13、or individual exposure periods . 18 6.2.1 General . 18 6.2.2 Data treatment 18 6.2.3 Missing value completion 18 6.2.4 Statistical analysis 21 6.2.5 Graphical presentation of results . 21 6.3 Tests of differences between exposure locations and between exposure periods 22 7 Performance characteristic
14、s 23 8 Quality assurance and quality control 23 8.1 Preparation of the plant material. 23 8.2 Requirements for the exposure location . 23 8.3 Requirements for the visual injury assessment 23 Annex A (informative) Reference plates and photographs for evaluating the percentage of necrosis on leaf surf
15、aces . 24 Annex B (informative) Documentation . 28 B.1 General . 28 B.2 Example of the information that shall be recorded at a given exposure location 28 B.3 Example of the information that shall be recorded for a tobacco plant at a given assessment date 30 Bibliography . 31 BS EN 16789:2016EN 16789
16、:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16789:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsemen
17、t, at the latest by February 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
18、such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Ma
19、cedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16789:2016 EN 16789:2016 (E) 4 Introduction 0.1 General The i
20、mpact of air pollution is of growing concern worldwide. Local and regional assessment is necessary as a first step to collect the fundamental information, which can be used to avoid, prevent or minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole. Biomonitoring can serve as a tool
21、 for this purpose. As the effects on indicator organisms are a time-integrated result of complex influences, combining the influences of both air quality and local climatic conditions, this holistic biological approach is considered particularly relevant to human and environmental health end points
22、and thus is of value in air quality management. It is important to emphasize that biomonitoring data differ from those obtained through physico-chemical measurements (ambient concentrations and deposition) and computer modelling (emissions and dispersion data). Biomonitoring provides evidence of the
23、 effects that airborne pollutants have on organisms. As such it reveals biologically relevant, field-based, time- and space-integrated indications of environmental health as a whole. Legislation states that there should be no harmful environmental effects from air pollution. This requirement can be
24、met only by investigating the effects at the biological level. The application of biomonitoring in air quality and environmental management requires rigorous standards and a recognized regime so that it can be evaluated as robustly as physico-chemical measurements and modelling in pollution manageme
25、nt. Biomonitoring is the way through which environmental changes have historically been detected. Various standard works on biomonitoring provide an overview of the state of the science at the time, e.g. 1; 2; 3. The first investigations of passive biomonitoring are documented in the middle of the 1
26、9th century: by monitoring the development of epiphytic lichens it was discovered that the lichens were damaged during the polluted period in winter and recovered and showed strong growth in summer 4. These observations identified lichens as important bioindicators. Later investigations also dealt w
27、ith bioaccumulators. An active biomonitoring procedure with bush beans was first initiated in 1899 5. 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation Biomonitoring methods in terrestrial environments address a variety of requirements and objectives within EU environmental policy, primarily in the fields of air
28、 quality (Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe 6), integrated pollution prevention and control (Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions IED 7) and conservation (Habitats Directive). It is also relevant to the topics food chain 8 and animal feed 9; 10; 11. For a
29、ir quality in Europe, legislators require adequate monitoring of air quality, including pollution deposition as well as avoidance, prevention or reduction of harmful effects. Biomonitoring methods are relevant for both short-term and long-term air quality assessment. Directive 2004/107/EC of 15 Dece
30、mber 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air 12 states that “the use of bio indicators may be considered where regional patterns of the impact on ecosystems are to be assessed”. With respect to IED for industrial installations, the permi
31、t procedure includes two particular environmental conditions for setting adequate emission limit values. The asserted concepts of “effects” and “sensitivity of the local environment” open up opportunities for application of biomonitoring methods in relation to the general impact on air quality and t
32、he deposition of installation-specific pollutants. The basic properties of biomonitoring methods can be used advantageously for applications such as reference inventories prior to the start of a new installation, mapping of the potential pollution reception areas and (long-term) monitoring of the im
33、pact caused by industrial activity. The environmental inspection of installations demands BS EN 16789:2016EN 16789:2016 (E) 5 examination against a range of environmental effects. For the competent authority, biomonitoring data contribute to the decision-making process, e.g. concerning the question
34、of tolerance of impacts at the local scale. The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora 13) requires competent authorities to assess or adapt planning permission and other activities affecting a site designated at the European level where the
35、 integrity of the site could be adversely affected. The Directive also provides for the control of potentially damaging operations, whereby consent may only be granted once it has been shown through appropriate assessment that the proposed operation will not adversely affect the integrity of the sit
36、e. The responsibility lies with the applicant to demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on such a conservation area. For this purpose, biomonitoring is well suited as a non-intrusive form of environmental assessment. In 2003, as an important element within its integrated environmental policy, t
37、he European Commission adopted a European Environment and Health Strategy 14 with the overall aim of reducing diseases caused by environmental factors in Europe. Chapter 5 of this document states that the “community approach entails the collection and linking of data on environmental pollutants in a
38、ll the different environmental compartments (including the cycle of pollutants) and in the whole ecosystem (bioindicators) to health data (epidemiological, toxicological, morbidity)”. The European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 15 which followed the adoption of this strategy focuses on
39、 human biomonitoring, but emphasizes the need to “develop integrated monitoring of the environment, including food, to allow the determination of relevant human exposure“. 0.3 Development of the standardized tobacco exposure Ozone is a phytotoxic gas, which is a secondary pollutant formed in the atm
40、osphere. It can lead to growth losses in plants and therefore to reduced yields in agriculture 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23. Ground-level ozone also contributes to the development of forest decline 24; 25; 26; 27. Effects of ozone on wild plants are the subject of numerous investigations e.g. 28;
41、29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36. Ozone does not accumulate in plant organs, but can cause visible leaf injury (necrosis). For that reason, the leaf injury of sensitive plants can be used for assessing the effects of ozone 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44. The origins of tobacco cultivars for biomonitor
42、ing are described in detail by 45. They arose as a result of research initiated in 1957 to identify the cause of “weather fleck” in the USA a mysterious disease which followed periods of hot sunny weather and devastated tobacco crops due to the appearance of extensive foliar lesions. Subsequently it
43、 was identified that ground- level ozone was the cause. During the course of a programme of breeding resistance into tobacco a supersensitive individual was identified from which the response indicator cultivar Bel-W3 was developed. In a similar manner the less sensitive Bel-C and tolerant Bel-B wer
44、e developed. In Europe studies with Bel-W3 commenced in the late 1960s to early 1970s in the UK, Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands 46; 47; 48; 49; 50. The extent of the ozone-caused injury to the response indicator plant depends on the ozone dose absorbed. This is partly assoc
45、iated with the ozone concentration measured in the ambient air. High ozone concentrations are usually associated with high temperatures and low relative air humidity which can induce stomatal closure thereby decreasing the absorbed ozone dose. Moreover, high wind speed also decreases the concentrati
46、on gradient between the ambient air and leaf surface thereby increasing ozone uptake. The tobacco exposure provides a direct measure of the impact of ozone on plants. Significant relationships between the variables of ozone concentration or dose and ozone- induced leaf injury (=bioindicator response
47、) in some species (e.g. wild and cultivated tomato species) have been reported by 51 and 52. Ozone-induced injury on the extremely sensitive BS EN 16789:2016 EN 16789:2016 (E) 6 tobacco cultivar Bel-W3, however, cannot directly be translated into impact on native vegetation or crops. Nevertheless, l
48、eaf injury in tobacco Bel-W3 can be used as an indicator of the potential vegetation injury, i.e. the maximum vegetation injury to be expected under given pollution and climate conditions 53. Since 2000, many investigations have employed widespread biomonitoring with Bel-W3 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 6
49、0. The largest international survey in Europe was conducted under the auspices of the EuroBionet-programme involving 12 cities in eight countries 61. BS EN 16789:2016EN 16789:2016 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard applies to the determination of the impact of ground-level ozone on a bioindicator plant species (tobacco Nicotiana tabacum cultivars Bel-W3, Bel-B and Bel-C) in a given environment. The present document specifies the procedure for setting-up and use of a system designed to expose these plants to ambient air. It
