1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 17636-2:2013Non-destructive testing ofwelds Radiographic testingPart 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques withdigital detectorsBS EN ISO 17636-2:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational
2、 forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO17636-2:2013. Together with BS EN ISO 17636-1:2013, it supersedes BS EN 1435:1997, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations r
3、epresented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 5
4、80 65755 9ICS 25.160.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STAN
5、DARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 17636-2 January 2013 ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN 1435:1997English Version Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors (ISO 17636-2:2013) Contrle non destructif des assemblages souds -
6、 Contrle par radiographie - Partie 2: Techniques par rayons X ou gamma laide de dtecteurs numriquess (ISO 17636-2:2013) Zerstrungsfreie Prfung von Schweiverbindungen - Durchstrahlungsprfung - Teil 2: Rntgen- und Gammastrahlungstechniken mit digitalen Detektoren (ISO 17636-2:2013) This European Stand
7、ard was approved by CEN on 14 December 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning
8、 such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its
9、 own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, German
10、y, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR N
11、ORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 17636-2:2013: EBS EN ISO 17636-2:2013EN ISO 17636-2:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 17636-2:2013) has be
12、en prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding” the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 “Welding and allied processes“. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
13、by endorsement, at the latest by July 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for ide
14、ntifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1435:1997. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic
15、, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN IS
16、O 17636-2:2013ISO 17636-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Symbols and terms . 5 5 Classification of radiographic techniques 6 6 General . 7 6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation 7
17、6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 7 6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph . 8 6.4 Identification of radiographs 8 6.5 Marking . 8 6.6 Overlap of digital images 8 6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI) . 8 6.8 Minimum image quality values 9 6.9 Personnel quali
18、fication . 10 7 Recommended techniques for making digital radiographs 10 7.1 Test arrangements 10 7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source . 16 7.3 Detector systems and metal screens 18 7.4 Alignment of beam 20 7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation . 20 7.6 Source-to-object distance 22 7.7 Geo
19、metric magnification technique 25 7.8 Maximum area for a single exposure 26 7.9 Processing . 26 7.10 Monitor viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs 27 8 Examination report 28 Annex A (normative) Recommended number of exposures which give an acceptable examination of a circumferential
20、butt weld 30 Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values . 35 Annex C (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution 41 Annex D (normative) Determination of minimum grey values for CR practice 45 Annex E (informative) Grey values, general remarks 50 Bibliography 52 BS EN ISO 17636-2:2013
21、ISO 17636-2:2013(E) iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Eac
22、h member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Internation
23、al Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standard
24、s adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o
25、f patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17636-2 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection
26、of welds in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). This first edition, together with ISO 17636-1, cancels and replaces ISO 17636:2003, of which it constitutes a technical revision. ISO 17636 consists of the following parts, under the general ti
27、tle Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing: Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors The main changes are that: the normative references have been updated; the document has been divided into two parts this part of ISO 176
28、36 is applicable to radiographic testing with digital detectors; X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV have been included; Annex C on determination of basic spatial resolution has been added; Annex D on determination of minimum grey values for CR practice has been introduced; Annex E with general remarks on
29、grey values has been added; the text has been editorially revised. Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this part of ISO 17636 should be directed to the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org. B
30、S EN ISO 17636-2:2013ISO 17636-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved vIntroduction This International Standard specifies fundamental techniques of radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognize
31、d practice and fundamental theory of the subject, inspection of fusion welded joints with digital radiographic detectors. Digital detectors provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated with a computer only. The practice describes the recommended procedure for detector selecti
32、on and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but are not the main focus of this part of ISO 17636. The procedure specified in this part of ISO 17636 provides the minimum requirements and practice which permits exposure and acqui
33、sition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography, specified in ISO 17636-1. BS EN ISO 17636-2:2013BS EN ISO 17636-2:2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17636-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic t
34、esting Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors 1 Scope This part of ISO 17636 specifies fundamental techniques of digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized pract
35、ice and fundamental theory of the subject. This part of ISO 17636 applies to the digital radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials. It applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe”, as used in this International Standard, covers othe
36、r cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums, and pressure vessels. NOTE This part of ISO 17636 complies with EN 14784-2.6This part of ISO 17636 specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X- and gamma-ray testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital
37、 detector arrays (DDA) of the welded joints of metallic plates and tubes for the detection of imperfections. Digital detectors provide a digital grey value (GV) image which can be viewed and evaluated using a computer. This part of ISO 17636 specifies the recommended procedure for detector selection
38、 and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important, but are not the main focus of this part of ISO 17636. The procedure specified in this part of ISO 17636 provides the minimum requirements for radiographic practice which permit exposur
39、e and acquisition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography, as specified in ISO 17636-1. This part of ISO 17636 does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the digital radiographs. If contracting parties apply lo
40、wer test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved is significantly lower than when this part of ISO 17636 is strictly applied. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited appl
41、ies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5576, Non-destructive testing Industrial X-ray and gamma-ray radiology Vocabulary ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 16371-1:2011,
42、Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 1: Classification of systems BS EN ISO 17636-2:2013ISO 17636-2:2013(E) 2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedISO 192321, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1: Image quality indica
43、tors (wire type) Determination of image quality value ISO 192322, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 2: Image quality indicators (step/hole type) Determination of image quality value ISO 192324, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 4: Experimental
44、evaluation of image quality values and image quality tables ISO 192325, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 5: Image quality indicators (duplex wire type) - Determination of image unsharpness value EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing - Characteristics of focal spo
45、ts in industrial X-ray systems for use in non-destructive testing EN 12679, Non-destructive testing - Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources - Radiographic method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5576 and the foll
46、owing apply. 3.1 computed radiography CR storage phosphor imaging plate system complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and a corresponding read-out unit (scanner or reader), which converts the information from the IP into a digital image 3.2 storage phosphor imaging plate IP
47、 photostimulable luminescent material capable of storing a latent radiographic image of a material being examined and, upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed NOTE When performing computed radiography, an IP is us
48、ed in lieu of a film. When establishing techniques related to source size or focal geometries, the IP is referred to as a detector, i.e. source-to-detector distance (SDD). 3.3 digital detector array system DDA system electronic device converting ionizing or penetrating radiation into a discrete arra
49、y of analogue signals which are subsequently digitized and transferred to a computer for display as a digital image corresponding to the radiologic energy pattern imparted upon the input region of the device 3.4 structure noise of imaging plate structure noise of IP structure due to inhomogeneities in the sensitive layer (graininess) and surface of an imaging plate NOTE 1 After scanning of the exposed imaging plate, the inhomogene
