1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 11228-1:2003Ergonomics Manual handling Part 1: Lifting and carrying BS ISO 11228-1:2003 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of
2、ISO 11228-1:2003.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PH/9/-/4, Ergonomics - Anthropometry and Biomechanics and PH/9, Applied Ergonomics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not
3、purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 79702 6 ICS 13.180 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obli
4、gations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 11228-1:2003Reference numbe rISO 11228-1:2003(E) ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO11228-1First edition2
5、003-05-15Ergonomics Manual handling Part 1: Lifting and carrying Ergonomie Manutention manuelle Partie 1: Manutention verticale et manutention horizontale BS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E)PDF disclaimerThisPDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this
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8、thefile is suitable for use by ISOmember bodies. Inthe unlikely eventthat a problem relating to it isfound, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwisespecified, no part of this publicationmay be reproduced or utilized in any form
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10、ail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org ii ISO 2003 All rights reservedBS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForewordivIntroduction v1Scope12Normative references .13Terms and definitions.24Recommendation34.1 Introduction.34.2 Ergonomic approach34.3 Risk est
11、imation and risk evaluation44.3.1 Manual lifting.54.3.2 Cumulative mass of manual lifting and carrying.64.4 Risk reduction.64.5 Additional considerations6Annex A (informative) Ergonomic approach .8Annex B (informative) Examples of manual handling of objects 18Annex C (informative) Reference mass21Bi
12、bliography.22BS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E)iv ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out throug
13、h ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a tec hnical committee has beenestablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborat
14、es closelywith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordancewith the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.
15、Draft International Standardsadopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval byat least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this doc
16、ument may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO11228-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3,Anthropometry and biomechanics . ISO 11228 consists of the following parts, under the ge
17、neral title Ergonomics Manual handling: Part 1: Lifting and carrying Part 2: Pushing and pulling Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequencyBS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction The three parts of ISO11228 establish ergonomic recommendations for differ
18、ent manual handling tasks. All the parts apply to such vocational and non-occupational activities. The standard s will provide information fordesigners, employers, employees and others involved in work, job and product design. It is connected withISO 11226. This part of ISO 11228 is the first Intern
19、ational Standard on manual handling. Disorders of the musculoskeletal system are commonworldwide and one of the mostfrequent disordersin occupational health. Factors such as the size and mass of the object being handled, working posture, and the frequencyandduration of manual handling can alone, or
20、in combination, lead to a hazardous handling activity and correspond to the risk ofmusculoskeletal disorders.It is desirable to specify the recommended limits for the mass of objects in combination withworking postures,and frequencyand duration of manual handling which persons may be reasonablyexpec
21、ted to exertwhen carrying out activities associatedwith manual handling.An ergonomic approach has a significant impact on reducing the risks of lifting and carrying. Of particularrelevance is a good design of the work, especially the tasks and the workplace, which may include the use ofappropriate a
22、ids. This part of ISO11228 provides a step-by-step approach to estimating the health risks of manual liftingand carrying; at each step, recommended limits are proposed. In addition, practical guidance forergonomic organization of manual handling is given in Annexes, A, B and C.The risk-assessment mo
23、del presented allows the estimation of the risk associated with a manual material-handling task. It takes into consideration the hazards (unfavourable conditions)related to the manual liftingand the time spent with manual-handling activities. Unfavourable conditions could be high masses to be manipu
24、lated or awkward postures required during the lifting process such as twisted or bent trunks orfarreaches. This part of ISO 11228 provides information on both repetitive and non-repetitive lifting. The recommended limits provided are based on the integration of data derived from four major researcha
25、pproaches, namely the epidemiological, the biomechanical, the physiological and the psychophysicalapproach.BS ISO 11228-1:2003BS ISO 11228-1:2003INTERNATIONAL STANDA RD ISO 11228-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Ergonomics Manual handling Part 1: Lifting and carrying 1 Scope This part of ISO1
26、1228 specifies reco mmended limits for manual lifting and carry ing while taking into account,respectively, the intensity, the frequency and the duration of the task. This part of ISO 11228 is designed to provide guidance on the assessment of several task variables, allowing the health risksfor the
27、workingpopulationto be evaluated.This part of ISO 11228 applies to manual handling of objects with a mass of 3 kg or more. This part of ISO11228 applies to moderate walking speed, i.e. 0,5 m/s to 1,0 m/s on a horizontal level surface.This part of ISO11228 does not include holding of objects (without
28、 walking), pushing or pulling of objects, liftingwith one hand, manual handling while seated, and lifting by two or more people. Holding, pushing andpulling of objects will be included in other parts of ISO 11228.This part of ISO11228 is based on an 8 h working day. It does not concern analysis of c
29、ombined tasks in ashift during a day.2 NormativereferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including anyamendments) app
30、lies.ISO/IEC Guide 51, Safety aspects Guidelines for their inclusion in standardsISO 7250:1996, Basic human body measurements for technological design ISO 14121, Safety of machinery Principles of risk assessmentEN 1005-2, Safety of machinery Human physical performance Part 2: Manual handling of mach
31、ineryand component parts of machinery 1)1) To be published. BS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E)2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.3.1 manual handling anyactivity requiring the use of human force to lift, lower,
32、carry or otherwise move or restrain an object NOTE This also includes handling people or animals.3.2 manual lifting moving an object from its initial position upwards without mechanical assistance NOTEThis also includes handling people or animals.3.3 manual lowering moving an object from its initial
33、 position downwards without mechanical assistance3.4 manual carrying carrying when an object remains lifted and is moved horizontallybyhuman force NOTEThis also includes handling people or animals.3.5 ideal posture for manual handling standing symmetricallyand upright, keeping the horizontal distanc
34、e between the centre of mass of the objectbeing handledand the centre of mass of the worker less than 0,25 m, and the height of the grip less than0,25 m above knuckle height NOTE 1 The location of the centre of mass of the object is approximated by the vertical projection of the midpoint of theline
35、between the hands at the grasping location. The location of the centre of the mass of the worker is approximatedbythe midpoint of the line between the inner points of the ankles.NOTE 2 For anthropometric measurements see ISO 7250. 3.6 unfavourable environmental conditionsconditionsthat givean additi
36、onal risk to the lifting or carrying taskEXAMPLES Hot or cold environment, slippery floor. 3.7 ideal conditions for manual handling conditions thatinclude ideal posture for manual handling, a firm grip on the objectin neutralwr ist posture, and favourable environmentalconditions3.8 repetitive handli
37、ng handling anobject more than once every5 min 3.9 mid-sagittal plane verticalplane inthe anterior-posterior direction thatdivides aperson assuming aneutral body posture into equalleft and right halvesSee Figure A.2. BS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 33.10 neutral b
38、ody postureupright standing posture with the arms hanging freelybythe side of the body3.11 plane of asymmetry verticalplane passing throug h the midpoint of the line b etween the innerankle bonesand the vertical projectionof the centre of gravity of the load when the load is at its most extreme disp
39、lacement from the neutral, mid-saggittal plane 3.12 angle of asymmetry angle formed between thelines that result from the intersections of themid-sa gittal plane and the plane ofasymmetryNOTE If the feet are repositioned during the lift/lower sequence, the referent planes must be determined at the p
40、ointin the action sequence wherein the largest degree of asymmetrical twist is encountered (see Figure A.2). 3.13 reference mass mass considered appropriate foruse with anidentified user population during the application of the risk-assessment method described herein 3.14 cumulative massproduct of t
41、he carried mass and the carrying frequency NOTE The cumulative mass for carrying is separately defined in kilograms per minute which represents the risk forshort term, in kilograms per hour which represents the risk for medium term and in kilograms per 8 hours representing therisk for long term. 4 R
42、ecommendation 4.1 Introduction This clause provides information for the evaluation of manual lifting and c arrying.4.2 Ergonomicapproach In those caseswhere manual lifting and carrying cannot be avoided, one should make a health and safety riskassessment taking into account the mass of the object, t
43、he grip of the object, the position of the object relativeto the position of the body,and the frequencyand duration of a specific task. The risk assessment can be accomplished using a step by step approach (see Figure 1). With eachsuccessive step, the evaluator needs to judge the interrelated aspect
44、s of the various tasks. It is stressed that employers should provide their employees with adequate information and training for all situations addressed bythis part of ISO 11228. Employees and others canlower the risk of injurybyadopting safeways of manual handling (see Annex A). Risk assessment con
45、sists of four stages: peril recognition, hazard identification, risk estimation and riskevaluation, in accordancewith ISO 14121, EN 1005-2 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. For information about hazardidentification see Annex A.If recommended limits are exceeded, measures should be taken to prevent the taskfrom
46、 being carried out manually, or adapt the task in such a way that all questions in the step model are satisfied. The primaryobjective of risk reduction is to takemeasures to improve the design of manual-handling operations, the task,the object and the working environment relative to the characterist
47、ics of the individuals, as appropriate. It should not be assumed that the provision of information and training alone will ensure safe manual handling(see Annex A). BS ISO 11228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E)4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved4.3Risk estimation and risk evaluation The step model illustrated i
48、n Figure 1 describes the procedures for addressing the interrelated aspects of manual lifting and carrying(4.3.1 and 4.3.2). m mass of object to be lifted m ref reference mass for identified user population group f frequencym cum cumulativemassh c distance (of carrying) Figure 1 Step model BS ISO 11
49、228-1:2003ISO 11228-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 54.3.1 Manual lifting An initial screeningofnon-repetitive manual lifting in ideal conditions requires the determination of the objects mass (step 1). The recommended limit for the mass of the object is presented in AnnexC. Step1 gives general guidance for designers and employers. For additional information see A.7.Screening of repetitive tasks requires determining the object mass in combination with lifting frequency (seestep2; 4.3.1.1). When limits for mass and
