1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16065-1:2014Pulps Determination of fibrelength by automated opticalanalysisPart 1: Polarized light methodBS ISO 16065-1:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16065-1:2014. It supersedes BS ISO 16065-1:2001 which is
2、 withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PAI/11, Methods of test for paper, board and pulps.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
3、provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 77828 5ICS 85.040Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was publis
4、hed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2014.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16065-1:2014 ISO 2014Pulps Determination of fibre length by automated optical analysis Part 1: Polarized light methodPtes Dterminat
5、ion de la longueur de fibre par analyse optique automatise Partie 1: Mthode de la lumire polariseINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16065-1Second edition2014-04-01Reference numberISO 16065-1:2014(E)BS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All ri
6、ghts reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from
7、either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights
8、 reserved iiiContents PageForeword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Apparatus and materials 26 Sampling and preparation of sample 46.1 Sampling . 46.2 Disintegration 46.3 Stock dilution 47 Measurement and verification procedures 47.1 Measurement procedur
9、e 47.2 Verification procedure 58 Calculation and expression of results . 58.1 Method of calculation 58.2 Characteristic distribution values 69 Test report . 7Annex A (informative) Precision . 8Bibliography .10BS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Stand
10、ardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
11、to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures us
12、ed to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules
13、of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identifie
14、d during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on th
15、e meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/T
16、C 6, Paper, board and pulps.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16065-1:2001), of which it constitutes a minor revision with the following changes: a new precision statement that complies with the requirements of ISO/TR 24498 has been added.ISO 16065 consists of the follo
17、wing parts, under the general title Pulps Determination of fibre length by automated optical analysis: Part 1: Polarized light method Part 2: Unpolarized light methodiv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16065-1:2014INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16065-1:2014(E)Pulps Determination of fibre length by aut
18、omated optical analysis Part 1: Polarized light method1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16065 specifies a method for determining fibre length using polarized light.This part of ISO 16065 is applicable to all kinds of pulp. However, fibrous particles shorter than 0,2 mm are not regarded as fibres for the purpo
19、ses of this part of ISO 16065 and, therefore, are not to be included in the results.NOTE ISO 16065-2 deals with the determination of fibre length using unpolarized light.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensa
20、ble for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 638, Paper, board and pulps Determination of dry matter content Oven-drying methodISO 4119, Pulps Determination
21、of stock concentrationISO 5263-1, Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration Part 1: Disintegration of chemical pulpsISO 5263-2, Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration Part 2: Disintegration of mechanical pulps at 20 degrees CISO 5263-3, Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration Part 3: Disintegration of mechanical
22、 pulps at 85 degrees CISO 7213, Pulps Sampling for testingISO/TR 24498, Paper, board and pulps Estimation of uncertainty for test methods3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1unpolarized lightlight composed of light waves whose planes
23、of vibration are randomly oriented3.2polarizermaterial which only transmits a component of a light wave which is vibrating in a particular direction, which is the direction of polarization of the material3.3plane polarized lightlight composed of light waves which all vibrate in the same plane ISO 20
24、14 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E)3.4crossed polarizerspair of polarizers placed in a light path, such that the direction of polarization of one is at right angles to the direction of polarization of the other, thus resulting, ideally, in none of the light, which has pass
25、ed directly from one polarizer to the other, being transmitted3.5birefringenceproperty of certain materials, such as cellulose fibres, which have a crystalline structure that results in the refractive index varying with the direction of polarization of the lightNote 1 to entry: This has the effect o
26、f rotating the direction of polarization of a plain polarized beam of light resulting in light which has passed through this material being transmitted through the second polarizer of a crossed pair.3.6mean lengthLtotal length of all fibres counted divided by the number of fibresNote 1 to entry: See
27、 Formula (3).3.7length-weighted mean lengthLlaverage of the length-weighted fibre-length distributionNote 1 to entry: See Formula (4).3.8mass-weighted mean lengthLwaverage of the mass-weighted fibre-length distributionNote 1 to entry: See Formula (5).Note 2 to entry: Mass-weighted mean length was fo
28、rmerly called weight-weighted mean length.3.9light extinctiondifference, expressed as a percentage, in the maximum and minimum light level transmitted through two axially aligned polarizers when one polarizer is rotated 90 about the axis4 PrincipleFibres suspended in water are routed through a fibre
29、 orienting cell (FOC). The projected lengths of individual fibres are measured automatically. A crossed-polarizers setup is used to discriminate between fibres and other materials like air bubbles, which do not rotate the plane of polarization. The numerical and weighted average fibre lengths and fi
30、bre-length distributions of pulp are calculated.5 Apparatus and materialsOrdinary laboratory equipment and the following are required.5.1 Fibre-length analyser, consisting of a measurement section and a sample transport system (see Figure 1).The measurement section consists of a fibre orienting cell
31、 (FOC), through which fibres in a liquid are drawn. There is a uniform light source on one side of the FOC and a photo sensor matrix on the opposite 2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E)side. There are crossed polarizing filters, on either side of the FOC, between the
32、light source and the photo sensor matrix. The photo sensor matrix senses the length of the image of the fibre from the light that due to the birefringence is transmitted through the second polarizer. The length of this image is converted to fibre length. The flow orientates the fibres into a plane o
33、r tube normal to the light path and no thicker than 0,5 mm in the direction of the light path. The resolution of the analyser shall be equal to or better than 100 m over the range 0 mm to 7 mm.NOTE Fibres constrained to flow through a capillary no wider than 0,5 mm have been found to straighten enou
34、gh to be measured accurately with projected light.At least 90 % of the transmitted light spectrum shall be within the spectral sensitivity of the detector. The light extinction of the crossed polarizers shall exceed 99 %. The detection efficiency shall be 100 % for all fibres 0,100 mm and longer.Key
35、1 light source2 FOC3 photo sensor4 polarizing opticsFigure 1 An example of the measurement principle5.2 Disintegrator, as described in ISO 5263.5.3 Pipette, having a volume of 50 ml 0,5 ml, with a tip opening of at least 5 mm for sampling a 50 ml test portion.5.4 Verification fibres, made of rayon o
36、r other suitable material, with suggested lengths of about 0,5 mm, 3,0 mm, and 7,0 mm.The fibres shall be provided by the producer of the analyser, together with statistical data showing the mean length and the length distribution of each type of verification fibre.5.5 Reference pulp1).1) Reference
37、pulp is available, for example, from the National Institute of Science liis the central length of the ith class, in millimetres;niis the total number of fibres in all classes;niliis the sum of the products, ni li, for all classes.8.2 Characteristic distribution values8.2.1 LengthsThe following chara
38、cteristic distribution values are commonly calculated (other quantities may also be calculated for particular purposes):a) The mean length of individual fibres:Lnlniii=(3)NOTE 1 The numerical mean fibre length is not always the most meaningful indicator of the fibre length because the effect of shor
39、t fibres is emphasized. A better expression is often the length-weighted mean fibre length.b) The length-weighted mean length of the fibres (Ll):Lnlnliiiil=2(4)c) The mass-weighted mean length of the fibres (Lw):Lnlnliiiiw=32(5)NOTE 2 In the interpretation of the length-weighted mean length, it is a
40、ssumed that all fibres have identical coarseness. In the interpretation of the mass-weighted mean length, it is assumed that fibre coarseness is proportion to the length. This proportionality does not hold for mechanical pulps.6 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E)8.2.2
41、 Coefficient of variationCalculate the coefficient of variation (%) from the frequency distribution using Formula (6)CV =sL100 (6)where the standard deviation s, in millimetres, is given by Formula (7)slLnniii=()212/(7)However, if the values L and Llare calculated, the coefficient of variation (%) m
42、ay be calculated using Formula (8)CV =10012LLl1/(8)8.2.3 Expression of the frequency distributionIf a length distribution graph is required, express it by a frequency diagram representing the number and/or the percentage of the fibres in each length interval employed, expressed as a function of the
43、length and/or by a cumulative frequency diagram indicating the percentage as a function of fibres greater than a given length, expressed as a function of the length.9 Test reportThe test report shall give the following information:a) reference to this part of ISO 16065 (i.e. ISO 16065-1)b) the date
44、and place of testing;c) all information for complete identification of the sample;d) the type of instrument used;e) the total amount of fibres;f) the length-weighted mean length and mass-weighted mean length of the fibres, and, if required, the mean length;g) the frequency diagram and the cumulative
45、 frequency diagram, if a distribution graph is required;h) the class intervals used, if required;i) the number of fibres in each class, if required;j) any operations not specified in this part of ISO 16065 or in the International Standards to which reference is made or regarded as optional, which mi
46、ght have affected the results. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 7BS ISO 16065-1:2014ISO 16065-1:2014(E)Annex A (informative) PrecisionA.1 GeneralThe precision data are based on three pulp samples (two whole pulps and one R-14 Bauer-McNett fraction) tested by 11 different laboratories, using either the F
47、QA or the FS-200 commercial apparatus, according to this part of ISO 16065.The whole pulps were commercial, dried, bleached kraft produced from softwood or hardwood. The R-14 Bauer-McNett fraction of the softwood pulp was also tested. The samples were provided as slurries of known fibre concentratio
48、ns. Similar testing procedures were followed by each laboratory. Ten measurements were made on each sample.The calculations have been made according to ISO/TR 24498.The repeatability and reproducibility limits reported are estimates of the maximum difference which should be expected in 19 of 20 inst
49、ances, when comparing two test results for material similar to those described under similar test conditions. These estimates could not be valid for different materials or different test conditions.NOTE Repeatability and reproducibility limits are calculated by multiplying the repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations by 2,77, where 2,77 = 1,96 2.The pooled repeatability and reproducibility data are presented in Tables A.1 and A.2, respectively.A.2 RepeatabilityTable A.
