1、BS ISO 18400-106:2017Soil quality SamplingPart 106: Quality control and qualityassuranceBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 18400-106:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO18400-106:2017.BS ISO 1
2、8400-106:2017 is intended to be used in conjunction withBS 10175:2011+A1:2013 and other members of the BS ISO seriesof standards as appropriate. Where there are differences in theguidance given in this standard and that in BS 10175:2011+A1:2013,the guidance in this standard takes precedence. The UK
3、committeenotes that this standard covers a wide variety of situations in whichinvestigations including sampling to determine soil quality might becarried out rather than being focused on potentially contaminatedsites, as is the case in BS 10175:2011+A1:2013.The UK participation in its preparation wa
4、s entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British
5、Standards Institution 2017. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 80923 1ICS 13.080.05Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2017
6、.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18400-106:2017 ISO 2017Soil quality Sampling Part 106: Quality control and quality assuranceQualit du sol chantillonnage Partie 106: Contrle de la qualit et assurance de la qualitINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18400-106First edition20
7、17-01Reference numberISO 18400-106:2017(E)BS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in an
8、y form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Bland
9、onnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Quality assurance 14.1 General . 14.2 Sampling proc
10、ess 25 Procedures, documents and data 25.1 Procedures 25.2 Documents and data management 35.3 Audits 56 Personnel . 56.1 Knowledge and experience 56.2 Safety . 67 Communication 68 Equipment . 68.1 Choice of equipment and general requirements for use . 68.2 Calibration of equipment and servicing 68.3
11、 Influence on results. 79 Taking samples . 79.1 Sampling . 79.2 Quality control samples . 79.2.1 Blind replicate samples 79.2.2 Split samples . 79.2.3 Trip blanks 89.2.4 Field blanks 89.2.5 Evaluation of quality control sample results . 89.3 Preservation 89.4 Storage and transport . 8Bibliography 9
12、ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out th
13、rough ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collab
14、orates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval
15、 criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the su
16、bject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any
17、trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organizat
18、ion (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .htmlThis document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.i
19、v ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E)IntroductionQuality assurance (QA) comprises all those measures taken to ensure that results of the investigation are “fit for purpose”, including documentation, procedures to be followed, the setting of data quality objectives
20、(i.e. for type, quality, and quantity) and reporting.The overall quality of soil and site investigations and assessments depends on the quality of each separate step of the overall process, i.e. planning, sampling, pretreatment, analysis and evaluation, and interpretation of all results. This docume
21、nt only applies to sampling. Sampling is a very critical step in the whole procedure because errors made can usually not be recognized nor corrected in the laboratory or in the office afterwards.A prerequisite for fit for purpose and reproducible analytical and test results is QA for sampling, inclu
22、ding assuring: representativeness of samples; avoiding cross-contamination and unwanted changes or alterations of the sample during sampling, on-site pretreatment, transport, and delivery; making, recording, and reporting appropriate field observations; fit for purpose field measurements; a defined
23、chain of custody process.In Figure 1, the different steps of an investigation programme are given. This document describes the QA in the first three steps.This document is part of a series on sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the International Standards within the total investigation
24、 programme is also shown in Figure 1. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E)Figure 1 Links between the essential elements of an investigation programmeNOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.NOTE 2 Fi
25、gure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.vi ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18400-106:2017INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-106:2017(E)Soil quality Sampling Part 106: Quality control and quality assurance1 ScopeThis document provides guidelines for quality assurance an
26、d quality control (QA/QC) for soil sampling. It identifies the steps which are subject to QA and QC in situations where QA and QC are required. It addresses aspects of QA and QC of the International Standards under the ISO 18400-100 umbrella (level 1, level 2) and gives guidance to methods on level
27、3.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (includin
28、g any amendments) applies.ISO 11074, Soil quality VocabularyISO 18400-105, Soil quality Sampling Part 105: Packaging, transport, storage and preservation of samplesISO 28258, Soil quality Digital exchange of soil-related data3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and def
29、initions given in ISO 11074 apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp4 Quality assurance4.1 Gen
30、eralQA is applied in two situations: in an accredited quality system or certified quality system; on a voluntary base in the absence of an accredited quality system or certified quality system.Because of the various reasons for and objectives of sampling, there can be no single set of QA procedures
31、to be followed by all organizations offering sampling services under all circumstances. It is, consequently, more difficult to set out principles for field activities (e.g. taking samples) than it is for soil analysis procedures. However, it is strongly recommended that, as far as practicable, the g
32、uidelines ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E)in ISO 9001 should be followed. Organizations offering analytical services should follow requirements in ISO/IEC 17020, ISO/IEC 17025, ISO/IEC 17011, ISO/IEC 17021, and ISO/IEC 17065.NOTE For QA usually, accreditation
33、or certification is used. Both use International Standards as mentioned above that can be applied for specific products, processes, organizations, or parts of organizations. An organization that holds an accreditation or certificate uses a quality system that describes the processes, products, and p
34、eople under the scope of that accreditation or certificate.If, for QA, a reference to an accreditation or certificate for soil sampling is made, the following aspects shall be checked: Are the experts or organizations involved in the project, working within the scope of the accreditation or certific
35、ate? Is the organization (department, team) in the scope of the accreditation or certificate? Are the specific experts working under the (organization) of the accreditation or certificate?The initial assignment from the customer should always be kept in mind.For certain cases, for example, governmen
36、tal regulations, in which a great deal of the sampling plan and methods are given, the prescription of the plan/project can be simplified.4.2 Sampling processAll steps in a sampling process as described in the parts of the ISO 18400 series should be subject to QA/QC.To manage all the quality aspects
37、, the sampling process shall be clear, as should be the role and responsibilities of each person.Detailed actions for QA are described in individual parts of the ISO 18400 series.NOTE 1 The quality of sampling is a product of the work of different people with different knowledge and different equipm
38、ent, often working in different organizations.NOTE 2 Sampling steps can include, for example, making a sampling plan, taking samples in the field, and transport.NOTE 3 For an overview of the process, see Figure 1.5 Procedures, documents and data5.1 ProceduresFor every project, the project manager sh
39、all determine the organizations, teams, and responsible people involved.The project manager should define at least the steps in the soil evaluation chain for the project and prescribe the exchanges of information that are to be made between organizations, teams, and individuals, and how these are to
40、 be made. The project manager also describes how the required QA is to be achieved, especially for the planning, coordination, and interpretation.The project manager should ensure that all written procedures are made known to organizations, teams, and individuals, especially key personnel, at the ri
41、ght time and that they are followed correctly. All QC and QA procedures should be integrated within the sampling plan covering: procedures to be followed in the field; use of standardized field reporting forms or software;2 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18400-106:2017ISO 18400-106:2017(E) selec
42、tion of all available information to be used in the field; choice of equipment or instruments to be used in the field, including checking that they can be used in that particular situation; taking samples for QA purposes (if possible); chain of custody requirements, e.g. choice of laboratory, storag
43、e, transport; interpretation of the results obtained on samples taken for QA purposes.The laboratory chosen to carry out the analysis should be independent and competent in the work required, and preferably have an appropriate accreditation or approval.The last aspect of making a sampling plan is to
44、 check in the field that the historical information on the site is accurate, the site is accessible by samplers and their equipment, and proposed safety procedures are “fit for purpose”.These checks can also be carried out by the sampler, but the first check is always the responsibility of the perso
45、n preparing the sampling plan (usually the project manager).If during the fieldwork the circumstances change in a way that could influence the quality of the sampling or the safety at the location, and the project manager cannot be reached, a deputy project manager has to determine if the sampling p
46、lan has to be changed or how to proceed. If the deputy project manager cannot be reached also, the responsible fieldworker decides if the fieldwork has to be stopped or paused, or if it is clear how the sampling plan has to be changed. In that case, the change has to be discussed with the project ma
47、nager after the fieldwork. In all cases, attempts to contact the project manager and the outcome (result for the sampling plan) have to be registered in the field report.If changes occurred in the field, the project manager decides whether the samples are still fit for purpose.NOTE Information about
48、 quality assurance of brownfield investigation is given in Reference 27.5.2 Documents and data managementAll procedures, documents, and data sets generated by the project should be archived. Unique numbers or codes shall be used to reference the documents and data sets which shall be “tracked” and e
49、very version of each document and data set retained.It is recommended to use report forms in a standardized format, which itself is archived in the documentation system. Blank forms should be registered in the documentation system, usually the quality management system. On a project level, it shall be clear which data are needed and which data are optional.NOTE 1 Reports can have all kinds of forms or layouts, e.g. paper form, digital forms, specific columns of fields in software or databases, SMS.If the i
