1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 18904:2000 ICS 37.
2、040.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Imaging materials Processed films Method for determining lubricationThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority
3、of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 July 2000 BSI 07-2000 ISBN 0 580 36012 1 BS ISO 18904:2000 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 18904:2000 and implements it as the UK national standard. The U
4、K participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/42, Photography, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the U
5、K interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publication
6、s referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
7、 of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a
8、blank page, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Referencenumber ISO18904:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18904 Firstedition 2000-05-15 ImagingmaterialsProcessedfilms Methodfordetermin
9、inglubrication Matriaux pour limage Films traits Mthode de dtermination de la lubrificationISO18904:2000(E) ii ISO18904:2000(E)iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Principle1 3 Apparatus.1 4 Samplepreparation.2 5 Testconditions2 6 Procedure.2 7 Testreport3 AnnexA(informative)Numbe
10、ringsystemforrelatedInternationalStandards7 AnnexB(informative)Effectofpaperclip9 Bibliography10ISO18904:2000(E) iv Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO memberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedo
11、utthroughISOtechnical committees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhas therighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,in liaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElec
12、trotechnical Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtothememberbodiesforvoting. PublicationasanInternationalStandar
13、drequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote. AttentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisInternationalStandardmaybethesubjectof patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights. InternationalStandardISO18904waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeI
14、SO/TC42, Photography. ThisfirsteditioncancelsandreplacesISO5769:1984,ofwhichitconstitutesaminorrevision. ThisInternationalStandardisoneofaseriesofstandardsdealingwiththephysicalpropertiesandstabilityof imagingmaterialsd.TofacilitateidentificationoftheseInternationalStandardstheyareassignedanumberwit
15、hin theblockfrom1890018999(seeannexA). AnnexesAandBofthisInternationalStandardareforinformationonly.ISO18904:2000(E)v Introduction Theadvantagesofpost-processlubricationofphotographicfilmhavebeenknownforseveraldecadesandthere havebeennumeroustechnicalpublicationsonthissubject.Lubricationhasabenefici
16、aleffectinreducingfilm susceptibilitytoabrasion(see1inthebibliography).Thisisofimportanceinmicrofilmapplications(see2inthe bibliography)orwhenevermovingfilmisforcedagainststationarysurfaces.Lubricationofmotion-picturerelease prints,forexample,preventsstickingandprematureperforationbreakdownduringpro
17、jectionorviewing(see3 and4inthebibliography).Morerecently,theadventofsprocketlessprojectorswithhighergatetensionshas intensifiedtheneedforlubrication. Sincelubricationisanadditionalstepforprocessinglaboratories,processedfilmsarefrequentlyleftunlubricated, eitherintentionallyorinadvertently.Asaresult
18、,filmsmaybeirreparablydamagedwheninuse.Abrasiondamage ofmicrofilmandprojectionorviewingfailureofmotion-picturefilmshasbeenlinkeddirectlytotheabsenceofany lubricant.Untilrecently,thedetectionoflubricantonfilmshasbeenverydifficult. ThisInternationalStandardspecifiesanon-destructivetestmethodfordetermi
19、ning,bymeasurementofafrictional property,whetherornotanylubricantexistsonfilms.Thetestcanevenbeappliedtoverysmallareasoffilm, suchasthemarginbetweentheedgeofasuper8filmanditsperforations.Theemulsionandsupportsidesofthe filmcanbetestedseparately. Thetestmethodisproposedasameansofmonitoringtheapplicat
20、ionoflubricanttofilmbymeasuringoneof manypossiblefrictioncoefficients.Itdoesnotcompletelycharacterizethefrictionpropertiesofamaterial.Against stationaryequipment,forexample,afilmmaynothavethesamefrictioncoefficientasmeasuredinthefrictiontest describedinthisInternationalStandard.Likewise,itwillnoteva
21、luatetheeffectivenessofalubricantforanygiven application.Itisstronglyrecommendedthatitsusebelimitedtothedetectionoflubricant,forwhichpurposeitis wellsuited.INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO18904:2000(E)1 ImagingmaterialsProcessedfilmsMethodfordetermining lubrication 1 Scope ThisInternationalStandardspecifie
22、samethodofdeterminingthepresenceofalubricantonphotographicfilm.Itis intendedthatthetestshouldbeappliedtofilmafterprocessing,butthetestmaybeusedinothersituations.Itis applicabletoboththeemulsionandsupportsidesofthefilm. Theresultsofthetestarecalculatedintermsofacoefficientoffriction,butthetestdoesnot
23、purporttocharacterize thefrictionalcharacteristicsofthefilmmaterial. 2Principle Thetestisbasedontheclassicalinclined-planefrictiontest.Itgivestheangleofinclinationofthefilmsurfaceat whicharider,bearingonthefilmsurfacethroughtheroundendofacommonpaperclipunderarelativelyhigh contractpressure(see5inthe
24、bibliography),willslidedownwardsalongthefilm.Thetangentofthisangle representsacoefficientoffrictionbetweenthefilmandthepaperclip.Valuesofthiscoefficientoffrictiongivean indicationofwhenthelubricantisadequateorinadequate. 3 Apparatus 3.1 Frictionslider ThisconsistsofaninvertedU-shapedstructurewiththe
25、largerroundendofacommonsteelpaperclip(seeannex B)projectingdownwardfromtheinsidecentre(seeFigure1).Thecentreofgravityshallbeatleast25mmbelow thelowerendofthepaperclip.Themassshouldbebetween50gand100g,tohavesufficientmassyetavoid filmdamage. Toconstructthefrictionslider,cutoffthesmallerroundendofthep
26、aperclipandinserttheresultingcutendsofthe clipintoholesdrilledintheU-shapedstructure.Thediameterofthedrilledholesshouldallowapush-fittobe obtained. Thechoiceofmaterialsforthefrictionsliderisnotcritical,providedthatitpermitscompliancewiththeconstraints statedabove.Acrylicplastichasbeenfoundtobesuitab
27、le. Theslidershallbemarkedtodifferentiatebetweenthetwofaces. Aftermuchuse,apaperclipwillbecomeflatfromwear.Thiswillhaveatendencytoproducelowerreadings, particularlyathighfrictionlevels.Thesideofthesliderwhichismarkedshouldalwaysbeorientedinonedirection duringuse.Anoccasionalcomparisonofvaluesobtaine
28、dbyreversingthedirectionofthesliderfacewillprovidea referencetodeterminewhenthepaperclipisworn.Itshouldthenbereplaced. 3.2 Testrig Thedimensionsandtypicalconstructionofthetestrig,onwhichthefilmsampleismountedfortesting,areshown inFigure2.Essentialrequirementsareasfollows.ISO18904:2000(E) 2 Thesurfac
29、eoftheinclinedplaneshallbesmooth,hard,andnotdeformableunderthetestconditions. Itshallbenarrowandhighenoughtoaccommodatethelegsofthesliderandbeprovidedwithclipsateach endtoholdthefilmflat.Theclipsshallhaveroundededgesandsmoothundersidestoavoiddamagetothe film.Thepressureexertedbytheclipsshallbenotgre
30、aterthanthatrequiredtosecurethefilm. Itshallbecapableofbeingraisedandloweredwithaminimumofresistance,andthereshallbeameans providedtoclamptheplanefirmlyatthedesiredangle. Theequipmentshallbecalibratedtoreadintermsofthetangentoftheangleofinclinationinunitsof0,05up toavalueofatleast0,50.Thisequatesmat
31、hematicallytoacoefficientoffriction. Anysuitablematerialmaybeusedtoconstructtheinclinedplane.Acrylicplastichasbeenfoundtobe suitable. 4 Samplepreparation Thedimensionsofsamplesarenotcritical,providedthatthesamplemaybeheldfirmlybymeansofthesecuring clipsandnotimpedethemovementofthefrictionslider.Samp
32、lesshouldbeabout150mminlengthandfrom severalmillimetresto35mminwidth.Roll-filmsamplesneednotbedetachedfromthebalanceoftheroll. Careshouldbeexercisednottocontaminatethetestareawithsubstancesthathavealubricatingeffect,for example,greasefromfingermarks,residuesfromcottongloves,etc.Forthisreason,theoute
33、rmostconvolutions ofrollfilmsshallnotbeusedasthetestsample. 5 Testconditions Thestandardrelativehumidityfortestingshallbebetween30%and55%.Thesetolerancesareacceptable sincethepaperclipfrictioncoefficientisnotsensitivetohumidityinthisrange. Thestandardtemperaturefortestingshallbe20 o C 5 o C. Samples
34、shallbeconditionedatthetestconditionspriortotesting.Sincethistestinvolvesasurfaceproperty,a relativelyshortconditioningtimeof2hissufficient. 6 Procedure Placethetestrig(3.2)onastable,smooth,horizontalsurface.Confirmthatthebaseofthetestrigisleveland adjustitifnecessary. NOTE Usemaybemadeofaspiritleve
35、l.Alternatively,theapparatusmaybecheckedbyobtainingameasurementon onefilmsample,thenturningtheapparatusthrough180 o andrepeatingthetest.Ifthetworesultsdonotagreetowithin10%, theapparatusisnothorizontal. Securethefilmsampleinplaceontheinclinedplanebymeansoftheclips. Raisetheplanetoanyarbitraryangle.(
36、UsingthemodelsdetailedinFigures1and2andillustratedinFigure3, thismightbestbedonebytheleftthumbandforefingerwhileholdingthebasedownwiththeotherhand.) Placethefrictionslider(3.1)onthefilmwithaslightslidingmotion.Itisessentialthattheoperatorbepreparedto graspitagainquicklyattheendofitstravelincaseitsli
37、desrapidly.Itisveryimportantthatsomeslidingmotionbe impartedatthestartofeachindividualtrial.Experiencewithlubricatedandunlubricatedfilminthisprocedurewill providetheoperatorwithafacilityforthisrequirement.Ifitcontinuestoslide,lowertheplaneslightlyandrepeat thetest.Ifitdoesnotslidefreely,raisetheplan
38、eslightlyandrepeatthetest.Repeatthisoperationuntila minimumangleisfoundtotheprecisiondesired,atwhichpointthesliderwilljustsustaintheinitialmotionimparted toit.Readthetangentofthisanglefromascaleattachedtotheinclinedplane.Thisisthepaper-clipfriction coefficient.ISO18904:2000(E)3 Repeattheproceduretwi
39、cemoreondifferentareasofthesamesample.Calculatethearithmeticaverageofthe threedeterminations. 7 Testreport 7.1 Testdata Thefollowingvaluesshallberecorded: nameandnumberofthefilmsample; filmtype; averagefrictioncoefficientoftheemulsionsideandofthesupportsideofthefilm; anindicationastowhethermeasureme
40、ntsweremadeinthepictureareaoratthefilmedges; numberofsamplestested; temperatureandrelativehumidityofthetest. 7.2 Interpretationofresults Totallyunlubricatedfilmwillgenerallyproducevaluesinexcessof0,40.Strikingexceptionstothisgeneralization willbefoundontheemulsionsideofcertainfilms,principallycolour
41、filmsthathaveaninherentlylowcoefficientof frictionevenwhennotlubricatedafterprocessing.Forthisreason,thesupportsideisamorereliableindicatorof post-processlubrication. Experiencehasshownthateffectivelubricants,wellapplied,willgenerallyproducevaluesof0,15orless. However,thepresenceoflubricationcanonly
42、bedeterminedwithcertaintyifthepaper-clipfrictioncoefficientofan unlubricatedsampleisknown. Theeffectivenessofalubricationtreatmentforanyparticularapplicationcannotbepredictedbythepaper-clip frictioncoefficient. 7.3 Repeatability Withcarefuloperation,theprecisionattainableisgenerallywithin10%ofthemea
43、suredvalueforanygiventester andoperator.ISO18904:2000(E) 4 Dimensionsarenominalandinmillimetres Key 1 Commonsteelpaperclip NOTE Itisrecommendedthattheweightofthesliderbebetween50and100grams. Figure1FrictionsliderISO18904:2000(E)5 Dimensionsarenominalandinmillimetres Key 1 Hingepin 2Slot 3 Indexline
44、4 Recess 5Springclip Figure2TestrigISO18904:2000(E) 6 Figure3Paper-clipfrictiontesterISO18904:2000(E)7 AnnexA (informative) NumberingsystemforrelatedInternationalStandards ThecurrentnumberingsystemforTC42documentsdealingwiththephysicalpropertiesandstabilityofimaging materialsisconfusingsincethefived
45、igitnumbersthatareusedarenotinanyconsecutiveorder.Tofacilitate rememberingthenumbers,ISOhassetasideablockofnumbersfrom18900to18999andallrevisionsandnew InternationalStandardswillbegivenanumberwithinthisblock.Thelastthreedigitswillbeidenticaltothecurrent ANSI/PIMAnumbersofpublisheddocuments.Thiswillb
46、eadvantageoustothetechnicalexpertsfromGermany, Japan,UnitedKingdomInternationalandtheUSAwhohavepreparedthestandardandwhoar+ efamiliarwiththeANSI/PIMAnumbers. AsthepresentInternationalStandardsarerevisedandpublished,theirnewnumberswillbeasgiveninTableA.1: TableA.1NewISOnumbers Currentor formerISO num
47、ber Title NewISO number 10602 PhotographyProcessedsilver-gelatintypeblack-and-whitefilm Specificationsforstability 18901 10214 Photography Processed photographic materials Filing enclosuresforstorage 18902 6221 PhotographyFilmsandpapersDeterminationofdimensional change 18903 5769 PhotographyProcesse
48、dfilmsMethodfordetermining lubrication 18904 8225 PhotographyAmmonia-processeddiazophotographicfilm Specificationsforstability 18905 543 PhotographyPhotographicfilmsSpecificationsforsafetyfilm 18906 6077 PhotographyPhotographicfilmsandpapersWedgetestfor brittleness 18907 8776 PhotographyPhotographic
49、filmDeterminationoffolding endurance 18908 10977 PhotographyProcessedphotographiccolourfilmsandpaper printsMethodsformeasuringimagestability 18909 4330 PhotographyDeterminationofthecurlofphotographicfilmand paper 18910 5466 PhotographyProcessedsafetyphotographicfilmsStorage practices 18911 9718 Photography Processed vesicular photographic film Specificationsforstability 18912 12206 PhotographyMethodsfortheevaluationoftheeffectivenessof chemicalconversionofsilverimagesagainstoxidation 18915ISO18904:2000(E)
