1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 2469:2014Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuseradiance factor (diffusereflectance factor)BS ISO 2469:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 2469:2014. Itsupersedes BS ISO 2469:2007 which is withdrawn.The UK
2、participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PAI/11, Methods of test for paper, board and pulps.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contr
3、act. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 66123 5ICS 85.040; 85.060Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the a
4、uthority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 2469:2014 ISO 2014Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)Papier, carton et ptes Mesurage du facteur de luminance ner
5、gtique diffuse (facteur de rflectance diffuse)INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO2469Fifth edition2014-08-01Reference numberISO 2469:2014(E)BS ISO 2469:2014ISO 2469:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publi
6、cation may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the count
7、ry of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 2469:2014ISO 2469:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normat
8、ive references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 45 Apparatus . 46 Photometric calibration of the instrument and its working standards 46.1 Calibration of the instrument . 46.2 Calibration of the working standards for its intended use . 56.3 Use of working standards 56.4 Cleaning the working s
9、tandards 57 Sampling 68 Preparation of the test pieces . 69 Procedure. 69.1 Verification of calibration 69.2 Measurement 610 Calculation and expression of results . 711 Precision . 712 Test report . 7Annex A (normative) Instruments for the measurement of radiance factor 8Annex B (normative) Calibrat
10、ion service Photometric calibration .11Annex C (normative) Calibration service UV-adjustment 13Annex D (informative) Measurement uncertainty 15Annex E (informative) Radiance and reflectance .18Bibliography .19BS ISO 2469:2014ISO 2469:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardiza
11、tion) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
12、represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to
13、develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
14、 ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the
15、 development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO s
16、pecific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 6, Paper, board
17、and pulps.This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 2469:2007), which has been technically revised.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 2469:2014ISO 2469:2014(E)IntroductionThe radiance factor depends on the conditions of measurement, particularly the spectral and geometric ch
18、aracteristics of the instrument used. The diffuse radiance factor as defined by this International Standard is determined using instruments having the characteristics given in Annex A and calibrated according to the procedure specified in Annex B.The diffuse radiance factor is the sum of the reflect
19、ed radiance factor and the luminescent radiance factor, and the luminescent radiance factor of a luminescent (fluorescent) object is dependent on the spectral power distribution of the illumination. If adequately accurate measurements are to be carried out on fluorescent objects, the UV-content of t
20、he instrument illumination must therefore be adjusted to produce the same amount of fluorescence for a fluorescent reference standard as the selected CIE illuminant. The preparation of fluorescent reference standards to enable this adjustment to be made is described in Annex C. The use of these fluo
21、rescent reference standards is described in detail in the International Standards describing the measurement of the properties of the materials containing fluorescent whitening agents.The spectral diffuse radiance factor or the weighted diffuse radiance factor applicable to one or several specified
22、wavelength bands is often used to characterize the properties of pulp, paper and board. Examples of diffuse radiance factors associated with specified wavelength bands are the ISO brightness (diffuse blue radiance factor) and the luminance factor.The diffuse radiance factor or diffuse reflectance fa
23、ctor is also used as the basis for calculating optical properties, such as opacity, colour, whiteness and the Kubelka-Munk scattering and absorption coefficients. These various properties are described in detail in specific International Standards, and for all of these, ISO 2469 is the primary norma
24、tive reference. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 2469:2014BS ISO 2469:2014Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)1 ScopeThis International Standard describes the general procedure for measuring the diffuse radiance factor of all types of pulp, p
25、aper and board. More particularly, it specifies in detail in Annex A the characteristics of the equipment to be used for such measurements, and in Annex B the procedures to be used for calibrating that equipment.This International Standard may be used to measure the diffuse radiance factors and rela
26、ted properties of materials containing fluorescent whitening agents, provided that the UV-content of the instrument illumination has been adjusted to give the same level of fluorescence as a fluorescent reference standard for a selected CIE illuminant, in accordance with the specific International S
27、tandard describing the measurement of the property in question.This International Standard describes in Annex C the preparation of fluorescent reference standards, although the procedures for using these standards are not included, since their use is described in detail in the specific International
28、 Standards describing the measurement of the properties of materials containing fluorescent whitening agents.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the editi
29、on cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 4094, Paper, board and pulps International calibration of testing apparatus Nomination and acceptance of standardizing and authorized laboratoriesASTM E308-06, Standard Prac
30、tice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.NOTE It is intended that these terms and definitions and their symbols be included in ISO/TR 10688, in order to have a single and common
31、 reference document for International Standards for measurement of optical properties of paper, board and pulps.3.1radiance factorratio of the radiance of a surface element of a body in the direction delimited by a given cone with its apex at the surface element to that of the perfect reflecting dif
32、fuser under the same conditions of illuminationNote 1 to entry: For luminescent (fluorescent) materials, the total radiance factor, , is the sum of two portions, the reflected radiance factor, S, and the luminescent radiance factor, L, so that = S+ LFor non-fluorescent materials, the reflected radia
33、nce factor, S, is numerically equal to the reflectance factor, R.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2469:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 2469:2014ISO 2469:2014(E)3.2diffuse radiance factorRratio of the radiation reflected and emitted from a body to that reflected from the perfect reflecting dif
34、fuser under the same conditions of diffuse illumination and normal detectionNote 1 to entry: The ratio is often expressed as a percentage.Note 2 to entry: This International Standard prescribes diffuse illumination and normal detection in an instrument constructed and calibrated in accordance with t
35、he provisions of this standard. The term “diffuse radiance factor” is used here both for bidirectional and sphere geometries.3.3intrinsic diffuse radiance factorRdiffuse radiance factor of a layer or pad of material thick enough to be opaque, i.e. such that increasing the thickness of the pad by dou
36、bling the number of sheets results in no change in the measured radiance factorNote 1 to entry: The radiance factor of a single non-opaque sheet is dependent on the background and is not a material property.3.4reflectance factorratio of the radiation reflected by a surface element of a body in the d
37、irection delimited by a given cone with its apex at the surface element to that reflected by the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of illuminationNote 1 to entry: The ratio is often expressed as a percentage.Note 2 to entry: This term may be used only when it is known that the te
38、st material exhibits no luminescence (fluorescence).3.5diffuse reflectance factorRratio of the reflection from a body to that from the perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions of diffuse illumination and normal detectionNote 1 to entry: The ratio is often expressed as a percentage.Note
39、2 to entry: This International Standard specifies diffuse illumination and normal detection in an instrument constructed and calibrated in accordance with the provisions of this standard.3.6intrinsic diffuse reflectance factorRdiffuse reflectance factor of a layer or pad of material thick enough to
40、be opaque, i.e. such that increasing the thickness of the pad by doubling the number of sheets results in no change in the measured reflectance factorNote 1 to entry: The reflectance factor of a single non-opaque sheet is dependent on the background and is not a material property.3.7international re
41、ference standard of level 1IR1perfect reflecting diffuser (see CIE publication 17.4, No 845.04.54), ideal spectrally uniform isotropic Lambertian diffuser with a reflectance equal to 1 at all wavelengthsNote 1 to entry: Reflectance is defined as the ratio of the reflected to the incident radiation,
42、see Annex E.2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 2469:2014ISO 2469:2014(E)3.8international reference standard of level 2IR2standard whose radiance (reflectance) factors have been determined by a standardizing laboratory in relation to the IR1 as defined by ISO 4094Note 1 to entry: This International
43、 Standard refers to two types of IR2:A non-fluorescent IR2 whose spectral reflectance factors have been determined by a standardizing laboratory in relation to the IR1. A non-fluorescent IR2 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of an authorized laboratorys reference instrument.A white fluoresc
44、ent IR2 whose spectral radiance factors corresponding to a specified CIE illuminant have been determined by a standardizing laboratory. A fluorescent IR2 standard is used to adjust the UV level of an authorized laboratorys reference instrument.3.9international reference standard of level 3IR3referen
45、ce standardstandard whose radiance factors have been determined by an authorized laboratory in relation to an IR2, as defined by ISO 4094Note 1 to entry: This International Standard refers to two types of IR3:A non-fluorescent IR3 whose spectral reflectance factors have been determined by an authori
46、zed laboratory in relation to the IR2. A non-fluorescent IR3 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of a testing laboratorys reference instrument.A white fluorescent IR3 whose calibration values have been determined by an authorized laboratory in relation to the IR2. A testing laboratory uses a
47、fluorescent IR3 to adjust the relative amount of UV radiation incident on the sample to a specified level.3.10working standardphysical standard whose radiance (reflectance) factors have been determined by calibration with a suitable international reference standard (IR3) for subsequent use on a sing
48、le instrument that conforms to this International Standard3.11primary working standardworking standard which is used routinely to validate and calibrate a given measuring instrument for its intended useNote 1 to entry: The calibrated radiance (reflectance) factors of the primary working standard may
49、 not be transferred to a different instrument, even of the same type (see 3.10). However, it is possible to use a primary working standard for validation purposes only on instruments of the same type.3.12control platesecondary working standard which is used on an infrequent basis to monitor and validate the performance of a given primary working standardNote 1 to entry: When one or more control plates give anomalous results on a given instrument, it may be necessary to re-calibrate the primary working standard used with that instrume
