1、 ISBN 3 901 906 52 5 A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL APPEARANCE CIE 175:2006 UDC: 612.84 Descriptor: Physiological optics, vision THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an organisation devoted to international co-operation and exc
2、hange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objectives of the CIE are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To provide an international forum for the
3、 discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of light and lighting. To provide guidance in the
4、application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and
5、lighting. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organisations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardisation and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried on by seven Divisions each with about 20 Technical Com
6、mittees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held every four years at which the work of the
7、Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognised as the authority on all aspects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organisations. LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commissi
8、on Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux reprsentant environ 40 pays. Les obje
9、ctifs de la CIE sont : De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtrologie dans les dom
10、aines de la lumire et de lclairage. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et autres textes, concernant toutes matires relat
11、ives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la
12、 lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par 7 Divisions, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techniques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques labors par ces Divisions Internationales
13、de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui concerne tous les aspects d
14、e la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internationalen Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Inf
15、ormationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind : Ein internationaler Mittelpunkt fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Tech
16、nik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Metechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationale
17、r und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. Liaison und technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen interna
18、tionalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird in 7 Divisionen, jede mit etwa 20 Technischen Komitees, geleistet. Diese Arbeit betrifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu a
19、llen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind von der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Tagungen werden alle vier Jahre abgehalten, in der die Arbeiten der Divisionen berprft und berichtet und neue Plne f
20、r die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. Published by the COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau
21、Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 0, Fax: +43(1) 714 31 87 18 e-mail: ciecbping.at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/ CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISBN 3 901 906 52 5 A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL APPEARANCE CIE 175:2006 UDC: 612.84 Descriptor: Physiological optics, visio
22、n CIE 175:2006 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 1-65 of Division 1 “Vision and Colour“ and has been approved by the Board of Administration of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experi
23、ence within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regar
24、ding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 1-65 de la Division 1 “Vision et couleur“ et a t approuv par le Bureau de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage, pour tude et emploi. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience actuelles dans
25、le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Il faut consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE, ou le CIE NEWS, en ce qui
26、concerne des amendements nouveaux ventuels. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE Technischen Komitee 1-65 der Division 1 “Sehen und Farbe“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Er
27、fahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS sollten im H
28、inblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou
29、 de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstell
30、ung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2006 All rights reserved II CIE 175:2006 The following members of the TC 1-65 “Visual Appearance Measurement“ took part in the preparation of this report. The committee comes
31、 under CIE Division 1 “Vision and Colour“. Peter Bodrogi Hungary Elvo Burini Jr. Brazil Joachim Campos Spain Andrew Chalmers New Zealand Soon Cheung Korea Peter Clarke Great Britain Osvaldo da Pos Italy Gunilla Derefeldt Sweden Peter Hanselaer Belgium Richard Harold USA John Hutchings Great Britain
32、Tore Kolas Norway Daniel Lozano Argentina Ronnier Luo Great Britain Lindsay MacDonald Great Britain Sharon McFadden Canada Todd Newman USA James Nobbs Great Britain Claudio Oleari Italy Michael Pointer Great Britain (Chairman) Giuseppe Rossi Italy Ken Sagawa Japan Janos Schanda Hungary David Simmons
33、 Great Britain Franoise Vinot France Corresponding members Michael Brill USA Jennifer Veitch Canada III CIE 175:2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY VI RESUME VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VII 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Who benefits from the measurements 1 1.2 How industry will benefit from the measurements 1 1.3 Soft me
34、trology - a definition 2 1.4 Measurement scales 3 1.5 Economic relevance of soft metrology 6 2. APPEARANCE 7 2.1 The measurement of light 7 2.2 Appearance - a definition 7 2.3 The measurement of appearance 8 2.4 Total appearance 9 2.5 Factors affecting total appearance 10 2.6 Discussion 13 3. OPTICA
35、L PROPERTIES 15 3.1 Measuring optical properties 15 3.2 Cesia 16 3.3 Measuring colour 16 3.4 CIE colorimetry 17 3.5 Colour appearance 21 3.6 Colour appearance models 21 3.7 Geometry 25 3.8 Non-uniformity and surface texture 30 3.9 Discussion - colour 31 4. GLOSS APPEARANCE 31 4.1 Experiments 33 4.2
36、Measuring gloss - gloss meters 35 4.3 Measuring gloss - goniophotometers 37 4.4 Discussion - gloss 39 5. TRANSLUCENCY 40 5.1 Theory of scattering in materials 41 5.2 Haze of transparent plastics 44 5.3 A potential new technique 44 5.4 Discussion - translucency 45 6. SURFACE TEXTURE 46 6.1 Psychophys
37、ics 47 6.2 Illumination 48 6.3 Analysis techniques 48 6.4 Autocorrelation 49 6.5 Fourier power analysis 49 6.6 Co-occurrence matrices 51 6.7 Run length analysis 53 6.8 Other methods 53 6.9 Data sets 54 6.10 Spatial colour difference and texture uniformity 54 6.11 Texture and colour 55 6.12 Discussio
38、n - surface texture 55 7. DISCUSSION AND OPPORTUNITIES 56 7.1 Colour 57 7.2 Gloss 58 IV CIE 175:2006 7.3 Translucency 59 7.4 Surface texture 59 8. CONCLUSIONS 60 9. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 61 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 71 11. REFERENCES 72 V CIE 175:2006 A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL APPEARANCE SUMM
39、ARY Visual appearance can be one of the most critical parameters affecting customer choice and it needs, therefore, to be quantifiable to ensure uniformity and reproducibility. A starting point in assessing the appearance of a consumer product might be the measurement of its colour. A description of
40、 its total appearance, however, cannot be achieved by the definition of colour alone; other attributes of the material from which it is fabricated contribute to the overall appearance. Starting from a definition of soft metrology and a description of measurement scales, this report describes a frame
41、work on which a set of measurements could be made to provide correlates of visual appearance. It will be shown that the interactions between the various components of the framework are complex, that physical parameters relating to objects are influenced, at the perception stage, by the physiological
42、 response of the human visual system and, in addition by the psychological aspects of human learning, pattern, culture and tradition. The result might be to conclude that an attempt to measure appearance may be too bold a step to take. Thus, a sub-framework is considered in terms of what can now be
43、measured, and what might be measured after further investigation and research. By dealing with the optical properties of materials it is seen that there are, perhaps, four headings under which possible measures might be made: colour, gloss, translucency and texture. It is recognised that these measu
44、res are not necessarily independent; colour may influence gloss, colour will certainly influence translucency, and texture is probably a function of all three of the other measures. Colour measurement, colorimetry, is based on the measurement of spectral reflectance, and is an established science th
45、at is possible using commercial instrumentation available at reasonable cost. Two shortcomings are identified. First, there are a number of modern materials where colour measurements made using a single pair of illumination/viewing angles is not sufficient to describe the perceived colorimetric effe
46、ct. Thus, measurement at more illumination/viewing angle combinations is required. Second, the traditional, CIE recommended colorimetric parameters, while providing correlates of visual percepts, are not able to predict the absolute appearance of a coloured sample: colour appearance models are now a
47、ble to do this. The measurement of gloss is an established methodology but there is some doubt as to the scientific basis for making the measurements using the present method and attempts are being made to define alternative approaches. The extension of gloss measurement, which is essentially a meas
48、urement made at a specific angle depending on the apparent gloss of the sample, to investigate the shape of the gloss peak, should provide more information. Translucency is a subjective term that relates to a scale of values going from total opacity to total transparency. This whole subject area nee
49、ds investigation to find a rigorous measurement solution that will probably be industry specific. Texture is a harder variable to measure. The advent of digital imaging systems makes the acquisition of images of materials relatively easy, assuming due consideration is given to the resolution of the image capturing device, be it a camera or a scanner. Characterising these images to give accurate CIE based colorimetry is now possible and the
