1、 THE EFFECT OF SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION ON LIGHTING FOR URBAN AND PEDESTRIAN AREAS CIE 206:2014 UDC: 628.971 Descriptor: Exterior lighting 628.971.6 Street lighting (fixed) 612.843.362.3 Mesopic vision ISBN 978-3-902842-33-6 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commissio
2、n on Illumination (CIE) is an organization devoted to international co-operation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objectives of the CIE are:
3、 1. To provide an international forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of
4、 light and lighting. 3. To provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 4. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the s
5、cience, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organizations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardization and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carri
6、ed on by seven Divisions each with about 20 Technical Committees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary s
7、ession is held every four years at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognized as the authority on all aspects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organization
8、s. LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose
9、de Comits Nationaux reprsentant environ 40 pays. Les objectifs de la CIE sont: 1. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. 2. Dlaborer de
10、s normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4. De prparer et publier de
11、s normes, rapports et autres textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la sc
12、ience, la technologie, la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par 7 Divisions, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techniques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les norm
13、es et les rapports techniques labors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est rec
14、onnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation
15、, die sich der internationalen Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind: 1. Ein internationaler Mitte
16、lpunkt fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Messtechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlini
17、en fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst d
18、er Lichttechnik betreffen. 5. Liaison und technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird in 7 Divisionen, jede mit etwa 20 Technisch
19、en Komitees, geleistet. Diese Arbeit betrifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind auf der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Alle vier Jahre findet eine S
20、ession statt, in der die Arbeiten der Divisionen berprft, berichtet und neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisat
21、ionen. Published by the COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Babenbergerstrasse 9, A-1010 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 e-mail: ciecbcie.co.at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/ CIE 2014 - All rights reserved THE EFFECT OF SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION ON LIGHTING FOR URBAN AND PED
22、ESTRIAN AREAS CIE 206:2014 UDC: 628.971 Descriptor: Exterior lighting 628.971.6 Street lighting (fixed) 612.843.362.3 Mesopic vision ISBN 978-3-902842-33-6 CIE 206:2014 II This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-48 of Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport“ an
23、d has been approved by the Board of Administration as well as by Division 4 of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other i
24、nterested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 4-48 de la Division 4 “Eclairage et signalisation pour les transports“ et a t approuv par le Bureau et Division 4 de la Commission
25、 Internationale de lEclairage. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience actuelles dans le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non ob
26、ligatoire. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom Technischen Komitee CIE 4-48 der Division 4 “Beleuchtung und Signale fr den Verkehr“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand sowie Division 4 der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens
27、 und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Any mention of organizations or products does not impl
28、y endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu l
29、a mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, besteht die Mglichkeit, dass diese nicht
30、 vollstndig sind. CIE 2014 - All rights reserved CIE 206:2014 III The following members of TC 4-48 “White Light on Road Lighting“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport”. Authors: Fotios, S. United Kingdom Go
31、odman, T. United Kingdom Vlker, S. Germany (Chair) Advisors: van den Broek, A. Netherlands Knight, C. Netherlands Leetzow, L. USA Lin, Y. China Raynham, P. United Kingdom CIE 206:2014 IV CONTENTS Summary . V Resume VI Zusammenfassung . VII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Road Lighting and Lamp Spectrum 1 1.2 S
32、cope 2 1.3 Definitions . 2 2 Purposes of Lighting in Residential Streets and Pedestrian Areas 3 2.1 Current Standards and Lighting Criteria . 3 2.2 Obstacle Detection 5 2.3 Interpersonal Judgements . 5 2.4 General Feeling of Safety 6 2.5 Summary: Purposes of Lighting in Residential Streets and Pedes
33、trian Areas 6 3 Effect of Light Spectrum on Pedestrian Visual Tasks 6 3.1 Spectral Power Distribution . 6 3.2 Spatial Brightness . 7 3.2.1 Human Visual Response 7 3.2.2 Trials in Controlled Environments 8 3.2.3 Field Surveys 9 3.2.4 Predicting Spatial Brightness . 10 3.2.5 Summary: Spatial Brightnes
34、s . 12 3.3 Acceptability 12 3.4 Colour Recognition 13 3.5 Facial Recognition . 14 3.6 Obstacle Detection 17 3.7 Summary: Visual Effects of Lamp Spectrum 18 4 Accounting for the Relationship between Lamp Spectrum and Illuminance . 18 4.1 Existing National Guidance . 19 4.2 Scaled Method of Specificat
35、ion . 19 5 Other Considerations Regarding the Choice of Lamp Spectrum 20 5.1 Sky Glow and Astronomy. 20 5.2 Effects on the Natural Environment and Human Health and Well-Being. 21 5.3 Glare from Small Sources 21 5.4 Observer Age 22 6 Conclusion Annex A Existing National Standards which permit a Step
36、Reduction in Illuminance . 23 Annex B Scaled Reduction in Illuminance adopted in the United Kingdom 24 References . 26 CIE 206:2014 V THE EFFECT OF SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION ON LIGHTING FOR URBAN AND PEDESTRIAN AREAS Summary Lighting design for roads in urban and pedestrian areas considers primari
37、ly the needs of pedestrians rather than drivers. This report presents a summary of recent research on the implications of lamp spectrum for those tasks considered to be important for pedestrians. These tasks include detection of pavement obstacles, interpersonal judgements such as facial recognition
38、, and judgement of brightness. For pedestrians, brightness is important because brighter lighting tends to produce higher levels of perceived safety in a particular location. It has been found that in the mesopic region lamps with a higher scotopic/photopic (S/P) ratio appear brighter, and permit be
39、tter detection of peripheral obstacles, than do lamps with lower S/P-ratios at the same illuminance. This means that lamps with a high S/P-ratio can be used either at the same illuminance to create a higher brightness and better detection of peripheral obstacles or at a lower illuminance but the sam
40、e brightness and obstacle detection ability, the latter leading to a reduction in energy consumption. The CIE recommended system of mesopic photometry can be used to predict brightness and peripheral obstacle detection under lamps having different spectra. Further visual needs include facial recogni
41、tion and that the appearance of the environment is acceptable. How light spectrum affects the ability to recognize the identity of other people is still uncertain, but there is a suggestion that chromatic information can be of benefit. As for the acceptability of the appearance of the environment, t
42、his is more consistently related to the colour rendering of the light source. For these visual needs colour rendering is important in addition to the S/P-ratio, but there are insufficient data with which to fully characterize the effects. Given these findings it is possible to modify the illuminance
43、s used in residential roads when using different light sources. These illuminances should be chosen based on two characteristics of the light source, S/P-ratio and colour rendering index (CRI). The report includes new guidance in the United Kingdom (UK) in which a reduction in the illuminance from t
44、he levels recommended in the S-series of lighting classes can be considered when using lamps which have a CIE general colour rendering index greater than or equal to 60; the reduction is calculated using the CIE recommended system of mesopic photometry. The UK guidance assumes that low pressure sodi
45、um lighting is the reference for the S-series of lighting classes. Other countries that choose to follow the system adopted in the UK can modify the approach to take account of different benchmark lighting. For example, if the high pressure sodium lamp (which is in widespread use in Europe) is used
46、as the benchmark, the allowed reduction in illuminance will be less than that allowed in the UK. Other factors, in addition to the influence of lamp spectrum on vision, may also need to be considered when selecting the most appropriate lighting. These are discussed in the final section of the report
47、, and include effects of lighting on the natural environment, glare, and the impact of changes in the eye that occur with age. The increase in visual effectiveness offered by lamps optimized for use in the mesopic region (i.e. higher S/P ratio) may be lower for older persons than for the rest of the
48、 population, and such lamps may lead to increased discomfort glare effects for these older observers. In general, the use of white light in street lighting applications is beneficial, provided that these other factors are also taken into account and are not significantly impacted (e.g. provided glar
49、e is not significantly increased). CIE 206:2014 VI LEFFET DE LA REPARTITION SPECTRALE ENERGETIQUE SUR LECLAIRAGE DES ZONES URBAINES ET PIETONNES Rsum Dans les zones urbaines et pitonnes, les projets dclairage public sont conus pour rpondre en premier lieu aux besoins des pitons plutt qu ceux des conducteurs. Ce rapport prsente un rsum des recherches rcentes propos des effets du spectre des lampes sur les tches juges importantes po
