1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CLC/TR 50489:2006Smart tracker chips Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID in Electrical and Electronic Equipment for WEEE managementICS 13.030.50; 29.020; 31.020g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51
2、g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CLC/TR 50489:2006This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50037 4National forewordThis Published Docume
3、nt was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CLC/TR 50489:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee L/7, British Electrotechnical Committee, to Subcommittee L/7/1, Waste from electrical and electronic equipment.A list of organizations represented on
4、 L/7/1 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORT CLC/TR 50489 RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHN
5、ISCHER BERICHT November 2006 CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any fo
6、rm and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. CLC/TR 50489:2006 E English version Smart tracker chips - Feasibility study on the inclusion of RFID in Electrical and Electronic Equipment for WEEE management This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2006-06-17. CENELEC me
7、mbers are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spai
8、n, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. - 2 - Foreword This Technical Report was prepared by CENELEC BTTF 116-3, Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The text of the draft was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as CLC/TR 50489 on 2006-06-17. _ CLC/TR 50
9、489:2006- 3 - Contents Introduction.4 1 Scope 5 2 Abbreviations.5 3 SWOT Analysis of RFID use in waste management .5 4 Technical requirements6 5 Economic requirements .6 6 Social considerations.6 7 Legal considerations6 8 Environmental considerations 6 9 Conclusion.7 Bibliography8 Annex A (informati
10、ve) CECED report - ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable the identification of producer and product characteristics 9 CLC/TR 50489:2006- 4 - Introduction An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system consists of a transmitter, a receiver (mostly
11、 combined and called a transceiver, interrogator or reader), an antenna and a tag or transponder. The transmitter sends out a radio signal on a certain frequency by means of an antenna. This signal is recognised by the tag if within the transmitters reading range. The tag then responds with a signal
12、 that is recognised by the receiver. Data within a tag may provide identification for an item in manufacture, goods in transit, a location, the identity of a vehicle, an animal, an individual, etc. By including additional data, it is possible to support applications by item specific information or i
13、nstructions immediately available on reading the tag. A certain protocol takes care of the communication between reader and the host computer. Three frequency ranges has generally been distinguished for RFID systems: low, medium and high. Table 1 summarises these three frequency ranges, along with t
14、he typical system characteristics and examples of major areas of application. Table 1 Frequency bands and typical characteristics Frequency range Typical characteristics Low 1 Hz - 300 kHz Short to medium read range Low reading speed Medium 300 3 000 kHz Short to medium read range Potentially, mediu
15、m reading speed High 3 MHz 30 GHz Long read range High reading speed Line of sight required The choice of operating frequency is of primary importance in determining data transfer rates. Generally speaking the higher the frequency the higher the data transfer or throughput rates that can be achieved
16、. The CECED report “ELECTRONIC PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION, A Study into the feasibility of technologies that enable the identification of producer and product characteristics”, (see Annex A) was considered the most relevant report available and used as main reference for this Technical Report. CLC/TR 50
17、489:2006- 5 - 1 Scope This Technical Report investigates in the light of the implementation of the WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) the feasibility of deploying machine readable product identification technologies (e.g. smart tracker chips) to fulfil the marking requirement for the purpose of implementin
18、g producer responsibility. The product recognition shall provide information for waste stream management (sorting, reporting and cost allocation). Machine readable product identification technologies can be utilized during every phase of the product life cycle of an EEE. The WEEE management is the l
19、ast phase. This Technical Report focuses on this phase only. 2 Abbreviations In the body of this Technical Report the following abbreviations have been used: CECED: Comit Europen des Constructeurs dEquipements Domestiques EEE: Electrical and Electronic Equipment RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification
20、SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 3 SWOT Analysis of RFID use in waste management Strength No line of sight Bulk tag reading Not affected by dirt or scratches Information link Non-contact identification Weakness Shielding of metals Initially o
21、nly pallets individual producerswill be able to decide whether they wish to address their commitment individuallyor whether they wish to join a collective scheme. Clearly, however, producers willneed to conform to those schemes available. It is unlikely that individualcompanies or even collectives s
22、uch as CECED will be able to totally determinehow the directive is implemented, all the other parties involved in the product life-cycle will have to agree to any system either voluntarily or by compulsion. SG hasspoken with a number of other stakeholders to gather opinion as to how they areplanning
23、 to comply with the directives and whether product tagging could be partof those plans.6.2 National GovernmentIn order to obtain a view as to the UK central Government approach to WEEE SGcontacted the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).The DTI has just completed a survey of third party reacti
24、ons to the WEEEdirective via its web site. The survey consisted of an interpretation of thedirectives followed by a series of questions on each article. The survey resultsare currently being collated, however it is clear that a sampling or market shareapproach has been assumed to identify producer c
25、ost and this will be comparedto a point of sale tax or fee.The leader of the initiative at the DTI is Dr Mark Downs who was contacted bytelephone. Dr Downs stated that although he was aware that in some quartersthe tagging of goods to enable producer identification at disposal might beconsidered as
26、a possibility, it was not an option being investigated as a wayforward by the DTI. No explanation was given as to why this option was notconsidered a viable route.A major risk to producers is that different countries will adopt different standardsor practices that put different requirements on produ
27、cers, for example onecountry may adopt tagging and put the necessary legislation in place to ensure itsuse whilst another meets its obligations by sampling. Having to apply differentpractices to products being introduced into different markets in the EU would beexpensive for producers and offer a ve
28、ry unattractive option going against anytrends for standardisation.Enquiries have been sent to other European Governments regarding their plansas to how apportion costs to manufacturers as required by WEEE and alsoEPI Final Report Page 15whether they are considering electronic tagging as an option.
29、At time of writing noreplies have been received.6.3 Local GovernmentIn the UK collection of waste is the responsibility of the local District Council,disposal is the responsibility of the County Council. This situation potentiallycomplicates the situation with respect to WEEE and tagging as both par
30、ties needto accept and adopt the same system.SG has spoken to representatives from both councils and received a commonview that both are willing to adopt a tagging system as long as they do not bearany costs. The councils would look to the producers to provide finance forequipment and databases to o
31、perate such a system. Exactly how that paymentwould be implemented was not specified and both councils felt that in truth sucha system was not practical. Both councils favoured an up-front disposal tax paidat point of sale and passed on to the local authority to pay for disposal. Theirargument was t
32、hat such a system is fair to all and avoids the problem of “free-riders” or “orphan” goods.6.4 RetailersThe main concern of retailers with respect to WEEE is being forced to operate a“take back” system, i.e. when selling an item retailers would be obliged to takeback an equivalent equipment. Such a
33、system would result in storage andcollection problems for the obsolete items at the retailers premises.Regarding a tagging system, the biggest issue is the number and diverse natureof retailers and the high cost of equipping all outlets with reading equipment. Theuse of the equipment would be mainly
34、 in “other applications”. Retailers are notseen as a primary stakeholder in the WEEE directive unless they are called uponto complete the paperwork for “up-front “ tax payment or forced to operate a “takeback” system.6.5 Disposal and Recycling and Processing companiesClearly one of the prime stakeho
35、lders on whose business WEEE and RoHS willhave a major impact is the disposal and recycling and processing companies. Togather an understanding of how this industry operates and gain a view on itspreparation for WEEE SG visited sites in UK, Holland and Germany. A full reportof these visits and their
36、 findings is given in Appendix I.The overriding finding from these studies is that the industry is at a very earlystage of development in terms of being able to sort and separate out differenttypes of product and materials. The stage of development of the industry is veryvariable from country to country, ranging from very rudimentary disposal facilities
