1、February 2008DEUTSCHE NORM English price group 21No part of this standard may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 55.180.01!$L=D“141263
2、3www.din.deDDIN EN 15433-4Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads Part 4: Data evaluationEnglish version of DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02Transportbelastungen Messen und Auswerten von mechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen Teil 4: DatenauswertungEnglische Fassung DIN EN 15433
3、-4:2008-02SupersedesDIN 30787-4:2002-09www.beuth.deDocument comprises 61 pagesDIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 2 National foreword This document was originally prepared by the Normenausschuss Verpackungswesen (Packaging Standards Committee), Technical Committee NA 115-01-04 AA Anforderungen und Prfung, and pu
4、blished in Septem-ber 2002 as DIN 30787-4. Following Germanys request to CEN for a European standard on “Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads”, DIN 30787-4 was adopted by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging” (Secretariat: AFNOR, France), editorially revis
5、ed and then published as EN 15433-4. The responsible European and German bodies during this process were CEN/TC 261/SC 5/WG 14 “Test methods and test schedules” and NA 115-01-04 AA Anforderungen und Prfung. Amendments This standard differs from DIN 30787-4:2002-09 as follows: a) The European standar
6、d (EN) has been adopted as a DIN EN standard. b) Normative references have been deleted. c) The standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN 30787-4: 2002-09 EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15433-4December 2007ICS 55.180.01English VersionTransportation loads - Measu
7、rement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 4: Data evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des chargesmcaniques dynamiques - Partie 4: Evaluation desdonnesTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 4:DatenauswertungThis European
8、 Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concern
9、ing such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own lan
10、guage and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Lux
11、embourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All right
12、s of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15433-4:2007: EEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword. 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references . 9 3 Measured signals 9 3.1 Instantaneous values 9 3.2 Average values 9 3.2.1 General.
13、 9 3.2.2 Instruments and software 10 3.2.3 Types of averaging . 10 3.2.4 Averaging time and sampling errors 10 3.3 Synchronous averaging . 11 3.3.1 General. 11 3.3.2 Instruments and software 12 3.3.3 Triggering procedures 12 3.3.4 Signal-to-noise enhancement 12 3.4 Filtered signals 13 3.4.1 General.
14、 13 3.4.2 Analogue filtering 13 3.4.3 Digital filtering . 14 4 Data classification. 14 4.1 General. 14 4.2 Time dependence 14 4.2.1 General. 14 4.2.2 Stationary or steady-state data . 14 4.2.3 Non-stationary data 15 4.2.4 Transient data 16 4.2.5 Physical considerations. 16 4.3 Randomness 17 4.3.1 Ge
15、neral. 17 4.3.2 Identification of periodic components 17 4.3.3 Separation of random and periodic components 17 4.4 Normality 18 4.4.1 General. 18 4.4.2 Test for normality 18 4.4.3 Spurious deviations from normality . 18 5 Single channel spectral analysis/periodic and random data . 18 5.1 FFT algorit
16、hms 19 5.1.1 General. 19 5.1.2 Number of data values 19 5.1.3 Redundant components. 19 5.1.4 Leakage and tapering . 20 5.1.5 Spectral bandwidth. 21 5.2 Periodic data 22 5.2.1 General. 22 5.2.2 Instruments and software 22 5.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 23 5.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 23 5.2.5 Frequency
17、resolution 23 5.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 23 5.2.7 Statistical sampling errors. 25 DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 3 5.2.8 Plotting. 25 5.3 Stationary random data 25 5.3.1 General. 25 5.3.2 Instruments and software 27 5.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 27 5.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 27
18、 5.3.5 Frequency resolution 27 5.3.6 Resolution error corrections . 29 5.3.7 Statistical sampling errors. 29 5.3.8 Overlapped processing 30 5.3.9 Zoom transforms. 31 5.3.10 Plotting. 31 5.4 Non-stationary data 31 5.4.1 General. 31 5.4.2 Random signals 31 5.4.3 Time codes 32 5.5 Proportional bandwidt
19、h spectra 33 5.5.1 General. 33 5.5.2 1/3-octave band spectra . 33 5.5.3 Other proportional bandwidth spectra . 33 6 Single channel spectral analysis/transient data 33 6.1 General. 33 6.2 Fourier spectra 34 6.2.1 General. 34 6.2.2 Instruments and software 34 6.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 34 6.2.4 Leaka
20、ge and tapering . 34 6.2.5 Frequency resolution 35 6.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 35 6.2.7 Statistical sampling errors. 36 6.2.8 Plotting. 36 6.3 Energy spectra 36 6.3.1 General. 36 6.3.2 Instruments and software 37 6.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 37 6.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 37 6.3.5 Frequency
21、 resolution 37 6.3.6 Resolution error corrections . 37 6.3.7 Statistical sampling errors. 37 6.3.8 Plotting. 37 6.4 Shock response spectra (SRS) 37 6.4.1 General. 37 6.4.2 Interpretation of SRS results . 40 6.4.3 Presentation of SRS results. 40 6.4.4 Instruments and software 41 6.4.5 Anti-aliasing f
22、ilters 41 6.4.6 Sampling rate 41 6.4.7 Truncation error 41 6.4.8 Initial conditions 41 6.4.9 Frequency resolution 41 6.4.10 Resolution error corrections . 41 6.4.11 Statistical sampling errors. 42 6.4.12 Plotting. 42 6.4.13 Other SRS computations 42 7 Dual channel analysis. 43 7.1 General. 43 7.2 Cr
23、oss-spectra 43 7.2.1 General. 43 7.2.2 Instruments and software 44 7.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 44 DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 4 7.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 44 7.2.5 Frequency resolution 45 7.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 45 7.2.7 Time delay bias error 45 7.2.8 Multiple path (rev
24、erberation) bias error 46 7.2.9 Statistical sampling errors. 46 7.2.10 Overlapped processing 47 7.2.11 Zoom transforms. 47 7.2.12 Plotting. 47 7.3 Coherence 47 7.3.1 General. 47 7.3.2 Instruments and software 48 7.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 48 7.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 48 7.3.5 Frequency resolutio
25、n 48 7.3.6 Time delay bias errors 48 7.3.7 Multiple path (reverberation) errors 49 7.3.8 Statistical sampling errors. 49 7.3.9 Overlapped processing 50 7.3.10 Zoom transforms. 50 7.3.11 Plotting. 50 7.4 Frequency response. 50 7.4.1 General. 50 7.4.2 Instruments and software 51 7.4.3 Anti-aliasing fi
26、lters 51 7.4.4 Leakage and tapering . 51 7.4.5 Frequency resolution 51 7.4.6 Statistical sampling errors. 51 7.4.7 Overlapped processing 52 7.4.8 Zoom transforms. 52 7.4.9 Plotting. 52 7.5 Cross-correlation 52 7.5.1 General. 52 7.5.2 Instruments and software 53 7.5.3 Anti-aliasing filters 53 7.5.4 L
27、eakage and tapering . 53 7.5.5 Time resolution . 53 7.5.6 Time delay bias error 53 7.5.7 Statistical sampling errors. 54 7.5.8 Overlapped processing 54 7.5.9 Plotting. 54 7.6 Correlation coefficient 54 7.7 Unit impulse response 55 8 Other analysis . 55 8.1 General. 55 8.2 Probability density 55 8.2.
28、1 General. 55 8.2.2 Instantaneous probability density. 55 8.2.3 Peak probability density. 56 Bibliography . 59 DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 15433-4:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AF
29、NOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
30、 the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implemen
31、t this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
32、 the United Kingdom. DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 6 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN). It is part of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting
33、 on goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduct
34、ion of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards
35、, based on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally. Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data, insufficient
36、description of the measurements or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable the measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards
37、 consists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements, Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment; Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation; Part 4: Data evaluation; Part 5: Derivation of Test Specifications; Part 6: Automatic recording syst
38、ems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports. DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 7 1 Scope This standard presents guidelines for the instruments, procedures and parameters, used to analyse dynamic data. It is assumed that the person performing the analyses has t
39、he use of appropriate digital FFT signal processors or FFT computers. These guidelines are also applicable for other types of signal processing procedures, as long as the analysing parameters are equivalent. Such other procedures contain correlation algorithms e.g. Blackman-Tuckey), digital band pas
40、s filter algorithms or heterodyne techniques. An outline of the data analysis procedures covered in this section is presented in Figure 1. DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 8 3) Measured signals3.1) Instantaneous values3.2) Average values3.3) Synchronous averages3.4) Filtered signals4) Data
41、 classification4.2) Time dependence4.3) Randomness4.4) Normality7) Dual channel analysis7.2) Cross-spectra7.3) Coherence7.4) Frequency response7.5) Cross-correlation7.6) Correlation coefficient7.7) Unit impulse response5) Single channel spectral analysis5) Periodic and random data5.1) FFT algorithms
42、5.2) Periodic data (inner spectra)5.3) Stationary random data (Auto or power spectra)5.4) Non-stationary data6) Transient data6.2) Fourier spectra6.3) Energy spectra6.4) Shock response spectra8) Other analyses8.2) Probability density5.5) Proportional bandwidth (1/3 octave bandwidth)Figure 1 Outline
43、of data analysis DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 9 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
44、(including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Measured signals NOTE The signal analysis procedures discussed in Clause 3 are in addition to the evaluations described in EN 15433-3 for the purpose of data validity checking and data editing for evaluation. 3.1 Instantaneous values Beyond the p
45、urpose of data validation and editing, certain applications may require an evaluation of instantaneous signal values. In particular, the general design of structures for low frequency loads is commonly based upon maximum value estimates made from signal time histories. 3.2 Average values 3.2.1 Gener
46、al The most common average values measured in stationary signals are the mean value xand the standard deviation x(or the rms value x). Estimates of the mean value and standard deviation of a signal x(t), where 0 t T, may be computed with the aid of the following algorithms: a) Mean value: x=1Tx ( t
47、)dt =1N0Tx ( nt )n=1N(1) b) RMS value: x=1Tx2( t )dt0T 1/2=1Nx2( nt )n=1N 1/2(2) DIN EN 15433-4:2008-02 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 10 c) Standard deviation: x=1Tx ( t ) x2d t0T 1/2=1(N 1)x ( nt ) x2n=1N 1/2(3) where T is the linear averaging time for analogue signals; N is the number of data values for dig
48、ital signals (T = Nt); () denotes “estimate of“. NOTE For most high-frequency dynamic measurements, the transducer does not sense the static or DC component of the signal, whereas for most low frequency measurements (below 50 Hz), the DC component is included. Without the DC component, the mean valu
49、e of the signal is zero and the RMS value computation of equation (2) will yield the standard deviation. 3.2.2 Instruments and software The averaging time constant is a key parameter in establishing the accuracy of average value estimates for random signals. The operations in equations (1) to (3) are easily accomplished on a digital computer with simple software programs. NOTE Both analogue and digital DC voltmeters essentially compute the mean value of a
