1、MIL-STD-2401 m 9999911 0472634 484 m 1 METRICI MIL-STD-2401 11 JANUARY 1994 MILITARY STANDARD DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM (WGS) AMSC NIA AREA MCGT DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or network
2、ing permitted without license from IHS-,-,- MIL-STD-2401 M 9999911 0472b35 310 MIL-STD-2401 FOREWORD 1. and Agencies of the Department of Defense. This Military Standard is approved for use by all Departments 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which
3、 may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Director, Defense Mapping Agency, ATTN: TI, ST-10, 8613 Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031- 2137, by using the Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. ii Provided by
4、 IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PARAGRAPH MIL-STD-Z4OL m 99999LL 0472636 257 m MIL-STD-2401 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 . 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 . 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.3 3 . 3.1 3.2 4 . 4.1 4.2 5 . 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6.
5、1 5.6.2 5.6.2.1 5.6.2.2 5.6.2.3 5.6.2.4 6 . 6.1 6.1.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 SCOPE- . 1 !Scope 1 Applicability 1 Security . 1 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 2 Government documents . 2 Specifications. standards and handbooks 2 Other Government documents. drawings. and publications . 2 Non-Government publications 2 Order
6、of precedence 2 DEFINITIONS . 3 Acronyms . 3 Definitions 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4 WGS 84 . 4 .Application of WGS 84 4 DETAILED REQUIREMENTS . 5 WGS 84 parameters 5 Coordinate systems . 10 Conventional Terrestrial System (CTS) 10 Instantaneous Terrestrial System (ITS) . 10 Conventional Inertial Syste
7、m (CIS) . 10 Reference surfaces . 10 Ellipsoid 10 Ellipsoidal gravity formula 10 Height Relationship 10 Earth Gravitational Model 11 WGS 84 relationship to other geodetic systems 11 Transformation between WGS 72 and WGS 84 . 11 Transformation between local geodetic datums and WGS 84 . 11 Datum trans
8、formation parameters 11 Obtaining datum transformation parameters 11 Configuration control 12 System upgradability . 12 NOTES . 13 Intended use . 13 Height Systems . 13 Acquisition . requirements . 13 Subject term (Key word) listing 13 International standardization agreements . 13 iii Provided by IH
9、SNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.4.7 MIL-STD-2401 9999913 0472637 193 MIL-STD-2401 International standardization agreements (STANAGs) . Quadripartite standardization agreements (QSTAGs) . . . . . . . .14 . . . .
10、 . . .14 Air standardization coordinating committee agreements (ASCCs) . International MC&G agreements. . 14 Executive orders .i4 Inter-Agency agreements 14 Other documentation . a v Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-flIL-STD-2YOL W 999
11、9911 OY72b38 02T = MIL-STD-2 401 1. SCOPE 1.1 a This standard specifies the requirements for use of World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 841, the defining and derived parameters for WGS 84, and methods for transforming between WGS 84 and other geodetic systems. 1.2 wcabu . This standard applies to all Do
12、D systems and products which require use of a World Geodetic System. A world geodetic system is a consistent global coordinate system which allows an unambiguous representation of positional information. Navigation solutions from the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Navy Navigation Sa
13、tellite System (NNSS) are referred to this system. A WGS 84 ellipsoid provides a reference surface upon which coordinates are calculated and is particularly applicable to inertial systems. A WGS 84 Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) provides necessary force models for accurate global operation of strat
14、egic weapons, navigation, and satellite systems. Many MC&G products produced by other agencies and governments (and DMA products not yet placed on WGS 84) are not referred to the WGS 84. Parameters to transform these products to WGS 84 are part of this standard. 1.3 Security. This standard is UNCLAS
15、SIFIED. The procedures and processes presented in this standard may be used for classified processing with the addition of appropriate security provisions. 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-. MIL-STD-2401 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 2.1 -
16、nts. II 2.1.1 Snecifications. st-ds and hms0k.T This section is not applicable to this standard. 2.1.2 Ot her Go vernment docume nts, d rawinas. a nd Dub1 icat ions The foll(-lLting other Government documents, drawings, and publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Un
17、less otherwise specified, the issues are those cited in the solicitation. DMATR 8350.2: Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationship with Local Geodetic Systems, (latest Edition) . (Copies of DMATR 8350.2 may be requested from: Director, Defense Mapping Agency, C
18、ombat Support Center, ATTN: PMSR, ST D-17, 6001 MacArthur Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20816-5001.) JCS MOP 45: Joint Chiefs of Staff (XS) Memorandum of Policy (MOP) 45: Position Reference Procedures (Copies of MOP 45. may be requested from: Director, Defense Mapping Agency, ATTN: PR, ST A-13, 8613 Lee H
19、ighway, Fairfax, VA 22031-2137 .) 2.2 Non-Government Dub licat io ns. This section is not applicable to this standard. 2.3 Order of Drecede nce. In the event of a conflict between the text of this document and the references cited herein (except for related associated detail specification, specifica
20、tion sheets, or MS standards), the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-M
21、IL-STD-2401 LL 0472640 788 = 3.1 Acronm. defined as follows : BIH CIS CTP CTS DMA DoD DoDISS EGM FK5 GPS ITS MC&G MSL NNSS TR WGS MIL-STD-2401 3. DEFINITIONS The acronyms used in this Standard are Bureau International de LHeure Conventional Inertial System Conventional Terrestrial Pole Conventional
22、Terrestrial System Defense Mapping Agency Department of Defense Department of Defense Index of Specifications Earth Gravitational Model . Fundamental Katlog 5 Global Positioning System Instantaneous Terrestrial System Mapping, Charting and Geodesy Mean Sea level Navy Navigation Satellite System Tech
23、nical Report World Geodetic System and Standards a 3.2 Defin-. Geoid - The geoid is a particular equipotential surface of the gravity field of the earth. It is a level surface and the local direction of the gravity vector is normal to it. The mean sea level of the oceans approximates the geoid and i
24、t is this surface to which elevations (for instance, on maps) or orthometric heights are referred. The geoid is conveniently described by geoid heights relative to the reference ellipsoid. Geoid heights may be computed with the Earth Gravity Model and are available as pre-computed uniform grids of v
25、arious resolution. Elevation (H) - The distance, along the local gravity vertical, from mean sea level (MSL) to the point in question. It is available in local vertical datums and on maps. Ellipsoid - Mathematical figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. The ellipsoid
26、that approximates the geoid is an ellipse rotated about its minor axis. Geodetic height (h) - The distance along the ellipsoidal normal, from the ellipsoid to the point in question. Orthometric height (H) - The distance along the vertical to the geoid, between the geoid and the point in question. BI
27、H does not longer exist as an organization. It has been superseded by the International Earth Rotation Service (IEAS). 3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2403 9999933 0472643 614 MIL-STD-2401 Geoidal height (N) - The vertical d
28、istance between the ellipsoid and geoid, along the ellipsoidal normal. 4 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2401 9999911 0472b42 550 MIL-STD-2401 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4.1 BGS 84. WGS 84 shall provide the basic reference frame
29、(coordinate system), geometric figure for the earth (ellipsoid), earth gravita.tiona1 model, and means to relate positions on various geodetic datums and systems for DoD operations and applications. 4.2 -kation of WGS 84 . WGS 84 shall be the primary geodetic system used in DoD systems and Mapping,
30、Charting and Geodesy (MC&G,) products. Standardization or Co-production agreements may preclude use of WGS 84 for certain areas or products. Etequirements to use existing data or products may necessitate use of other geodetic systems or transforming between WGS 84 and other geodetic systems. 5 Provi
31、ded by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2401 M 99999LL 0472643 497 MIL-STD-2401 5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS 5.1 WGS 84 pweters. The tables which follow contain physical and mathematical quantities which are part of the definition of WGS 84. N
32、umerical values for these parameters shall be as specified in DMA TR 8350.2. Applications requiring conformance to this standard shall use these parameters as stated. Paramet er Notat ion Semimajor Axis a - Normalized Second Degree Zonal c2, o Harmonic Coefficient of the Gravitational Potent ia1 Ang
33、ular Velocity of the Earth o The Earth I s Gravitational Constant (Mass of Earths Atmosphere Included) The Earths Gravitational Constant (Mass of Earths Atmosphere Not Included) GM GM Angular Velocity of the Earth o* (In a Precessing Reference Frame) TABLE I. WGS ElliDsoid de finina Da rameters. 6 P
34、rovided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2401 = 9999931 O472644 323 MIL-STD-2401 Constant Notation Reciprocal Flattening SeIniminor Axis First Eccentricity First Eccentricity Squared Second Eccentricity Second Eccentricity Squared L ine
35、ar Eccen t r i c it y PoILar Radius of Curvature AX:LS Ratio Mean Radius of Semiaxes Radius of Sphere With Equal Area Radius of Sphere With Equal Volume Theore t ica 1 (Norma 1 ) Gravit y Eotential of (at) the Ellipsoid Theoretical (Normal) Gravity at the Equator (on the Ellipsoid) Theoretical (Norm
36、al) Gravity at t.he Poles (on the Ellipsoid) Mean Value of Theoretical (Normal) Gravity Theoretical (Normal) Gravity Formula Constant Mass of Earth (Includes the Atmosphere) 22 m = O a b/GM l/f b e e2 e e 12 E C b/a R1 R3 - Y k M m Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted
37、 without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2401 W 9999911 0472b45 2bT W MIL-STD-2401 Constant Not at ion Velocity of Light (in a Vacuum) C Dynamical Ellipticity H Earths Angular Velocity o* Universal Constant of Gravitation G GM of the Earths Atmosphere GMA Earths Gravitational Constant GM (Excluding the
38、 Mass of the Earths Atmosphere) Earths Principal Moments of Inertia (Dynamic Solution) A B C Conversion Factors Meter to US Survey Feet Meter to International Feet International Foot to Meter (Exact) US Survey Foot to Meter (Exact) US Survey Foot to Meter Nautical Mile to Meters (Exact) to US Survey
39、 Feet to International Feet Statute Mile to Meters (Exact) to International Feet (Exact) TABLE III. Relevant miscellaneous CO nstants a nd CO nvers i on factors. a Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2401 m 9999931 0472646 3Tb m M
40、IL-STD-2401 ?rovides Gravity Values at (on) the Surface of the WGS 84 Ellipsoid Notat ion Y= Y, = k= a= b= Yp = (P= e2 = Theoretical acceleration of a unit test mass due to gravity. Theoretical acceleration at the equator (on the WGS 84 Ellipsoid) of a unit test mass due to gravity. Constant= (byp/a
41、ye) -1 Semimajor axis (WGS 84 Ellipsoid) Semimi-nor axis (WGS 84 Ellipsoid) Theoretical gravity at the poles (on tAAe Ellipsoid) Geodet.ic latitude SS 84 First eccentricity squared (WGS 84 Ellipsoid). Analvtical Form 1 milligal = An acceleration due to gravity of 1 x centimeters/second2. TABLE IV. Y
42、GS ElliDsoidal aravitv formu. 9 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2403 9999933 0472b47 032 MIL-STD-2401 Gravitational potential function (m2s-*) Earths gravitational constant . Radius vector from the earths center of mass Semima
43、jor axis of the WGS 84 Ellipsoid Degree and order, respectively Geocentric latitude Geocentric longitude = geodetic longitude Normalized gravitational coefficients* - Pn,m(sin $I= Normalized associated Legendre function Note: See DMATR 8350.2 for complete description of this model. TABLE V. Fo rmula
44、s fo r the WGS ea rth gravitational model. Pa ramet er Not at ion Semimajor axis of local ellipsoid a Reciprocal flattening of local ellipsoid f-1 Geocentric translations Ax, AY, Az TABLE VI. Datum transformation parameters. 10 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted wit
45、hout license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-2q01 = 9999933 0472b48 T79 MIL-STD-2401 5.2 Coor&at e svst eu. 5.2.1 Convent i onal Ter-trial S y&em (CTS). The WGS 84 coordinate system shall be a Conventional Terrestrial System (CTS) with its reference meridian coincident with the Bureau International de lHeure (
46、BIHI-defined Zero meridian, its origin at the mass center of the earth, its Z-axis parallel to the Conventional Terrestrial Pole (CTP), its X-axis the intersection of the reference meridian plane and the plane of the CTP equator and its Y-axis completing a right-handed, earth-fixed, orthogonal syste
47、m, 5.2.2 mantaneous Terrestr ia1 Syste m (ITS) . The WGS 84 coordinate system is the coordinate frame of a mean earth rotating at a constant rate around an average astronomic pole (CTP). A polar motion rotation matrix relates the CTS to the ITS. (See 5.2.3). 5.2.3 mventional Inertial Svste m (CIS).
48、The Conventional Inertial System (CIS) is defined by the FK5 Star Catalog system and referred to the Epoch 52000.0. The relationship between the WGS 84 CTS and the CIS shall be CTS = Al BI CI Dl XICIS The rotation matrices for polar motion A, sidereal time BI, astronomic nutation CI, and precession Dl define this relationship. 5.3 Reference surfaces. 5.3.1 usoid . . The WGS 84 ellipsoid shall be a geocentric oblate ellipsoid of revolution which provides a geometric surface which approximates the size and shape of the earth. This is the level (equipotenti
