1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14146:2004 Natural stone test methods Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency) The European Standard EN 14146:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 BS EN 14146:2004 This British Standard was
2、 published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 27 April 2004 BSI 27 April 2004 ISBN 0 580 43704 3 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14146:2004. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Co
3、mmittee B/545, Natural stone, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in
4、 the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsib
5、le for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the U
6、K interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 15 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates
7、 when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN14146 April2004 ICS73.020;91.100.15 Englishversion NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofthedynamic modulusofelasticity(bymeasuringthefundamentalresonance fr
8、equency) MthodesdessaipourpierresnaturellesDtermination dumoduledlasticitdynamique(parlamesuredela frquencedersonancefondamentale) PrfverfahrenfrNatursteinBestimmungdes dynamischenElastizittsmoduls(durchMessungder ResonanzfrequenzderGrundschwingung) ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon16January200
9、4. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCentralSecretariatorto
10、anyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamestatusast heofficial versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesof
11、Austria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMA
12、LISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2004CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN14146:2004:EEN14146:2004(E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 1 Scope 5 2 Normativereferences 5 3 Principle5 4 Symbols 5
13、5 Apparatus .6 6 Preparationofthespecimens .9 7 Procedure .9 8 Calculationofthedynamicmodulusofelasticity 10 9 Testreport . .15EN14146:2004(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocument(EN14146:2004)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC246,“Naturalstones“,the secretariatofwhichisheldbyUNI. ThisEuropeanStandardshal
14、lbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextor byendorsement,atthelatestbyOctober2004,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatest byOctober2004. Thisdraftstandardisoneoftheseriesofdraftstandardsfortestsonnaturalstone. Testmethodsfornaturalstoneconsistofthe
15、following: EN1925, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofwaterabsorptioncoefficientbycapillarity EN1926, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofcompressivestrength EN1936, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofrealdensityandapparentdensityandoftotalandopen porosity EN12370, NaturalstonetestmethodsDet
16、erminationofresistancetosaltcrystallisation EN12371, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationoffrostresistance EN12372, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofflexuralstrength underconcentratedload EN12407, NaturalstonetestmethodsPetrographicexamination EN13161, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofflex
17、uralstrengthunderconstantmoment EN13373, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofgeometriccharacteristicsonunits EN13755, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofwaterabsorptionatatmosphericpressure EN13919, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofresistancetoageingbySO 2 actioninthepresenceof humidity EN
18、14066, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofresistancetoageingbythermalshock EN14147, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofresistancetoageingbysaltmist prEN14157, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationoftheabrasionresistance EN14158, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofruptureenergy EN14231, Natur
19、alstonetestmethodsDeterminationoftheslipresistancebymeansofthependulumtester prEN14579, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofsoundspeedpropagation prEN14580, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofthestaticelasticmodulus prEN14581, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofthermalexpansioncoefficient No
20、existingEuropeanStandardissuperseded.EN14146:2004(E) 4 AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowing countriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark, Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ire
21、land,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta, Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdomEN14146:2004(E) 5 1Scope ThisEuropeanStandarddefinesmethodstodeterminethefundamentalresonancefrequencyofnaturalstoneand thecalculationofthedynamicmodulusofelasti
22、city. 2 Normativereferences ThisEuropeanStandardincorporatesbydatedorundatedreference,provisionsfromotherpublications.These normativereferencearecitedattheappropriateplacesinthetext,andthepublicationsarelistedhereafter.For datedreferences,subsequentamendmentstoorrevisionsofanyofthesepublicationsappl
23、ytothisEuropean Standardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmentorrevision.Forundatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthe publicationreferredtoapplies(includingamendments). EN13373, NaturalstonetestmethodsDeterminationofgeometriccharacteristicsonunits 3Principle Thepresentstandarddefinesmethodstodeterminethef
24、undamentalresonancefrequencyandtocalculatethe dynamicmodulusofelasticity. Therearetwomethodsformeasuringfundamentalresonance,dependingonwhichmethodisusedtovibratethe specimenunderanalysis.Onemethodisbasedoncontinuousexcitation,theotherisbasedoninstantaneous excitation.Bothmethodsconsistofmakingaspec
25、imenofstonevibrateusingeitherlongitudinal,flexuralor torsionalvibrations,andthendeterminingthecorrespondingfundamentalresonancefrequency. 4Symbols b widthofaprismaticspecimeninmillimetres d diameterofacylindricalspecimeninmillimetres h heightofprismaticspecimeninmillimetres lengthofspecimeninmillime
26、tres F L longitudinalfundamentalresonancefrequencyinHertz F F flexuralfundamentalresonancefrequencyinHertz F T torsionalfundamentalresonancefrequencyinHertz F 1 and F 2 frequencyforamplitudesequalto 2/2ofthemaximumamplitude r apparentdensityofthespecimeninkgm 3 i radiusofgirationofthesectionofthespe
27、cimen A l i = inmm A surfaceareaofthecrosssectionofthespecimen I momentofinertiaofthespecimenEN14146:2004(E) 6 12 3 bh l = forprismaticspecimenswitharectangularbase 12 4 b l = forprismaticspecimenswithasquarebase 64 4 d l P = forcylindricalspecimens n Poissoncoefficient T correctioncoefficientforcal
28、culating Ed L C correctioncoefficientforcalculating Ed F R correctioncoefficientforcalculating Ed T Ed L longitudinaldynamicmodulusofelasticityinMPa,determinedfromthelongitudinalfundamental resonancefrequency Ed F flexuraldynamicmodulusofelasticityinMPa,determinedfromtheflexuralfundamental resonance
29、frequency Ed T torsionaldynamicmodulusofelasticityinMPa,determinedfromthetorsionalfundamental resonancefrequency sstandard deviation 5Apparatus 5.1 Continuousexcitationmode Theapparatuscomprises: 5.1.1 avariablefrequencygenerator,withafrequencyrangeofmin.20kHz, 5.1.2 anemittingtransducerandareceivin
30、gtransducerthatmustbebroughtintocontactwiththespecimen.It isrecommendedtogenerateslightadhesiontothetest specimenusingabondingproduct(rubber,putty,etc.). Thenaturalresonancefrequencyofthetransducermustbeatleasttwicethepresumedfundamentalresonance frequencyofthespecimen. 5.1.3 adevicethatisusedtoreco
31、rdorindicatethebeginningofspecimenresonance, 5.1.4 asystemthatmeasuresorcalculatesthespecimensfundamentalresonancefrequencywithanaccuracy betterthanorequalto0,5%, 5.1.5 aworksurfaceisolatedfromexternalvibrations,withthepossibilitytomakemeasurements 5.1.6 specimenstandsmadeofrigidmetalwhoselengthisat
32、leastequaltothewidth b NOTE Thesesupportsareeitherrectangularorsquaresectionprismswhosewidthislessthan5%ofthelength ofthe specimensforlongitudinalandtorsionalvibration(seeFigures1aand2a)orsmalltriangularsectionprismsforflexuralvibr ation (seeFigure3a).Inthecaseofcylindricalspecimens,thesupportsshoul
33、dbenotched.Thepositionsofthesupportsare indicatedinFigures1,2and3.EN14146:2004(E) 7 Key 1Emitter 2Specimen 3Receiver Figure1aPositionofthetransducersforlongitudinalvibration Figure1bFundamentalmodeforlongitudinalvibration Figure2aPositionofthetransducersfortorsionalvibration Figure2bFundamentalmodef
34、ortorsionalvibrationEN14146:2004(E) 8 Figure3aPositionofthetransducersforflexuralvibration Figure3bFundamentalmodeforflexuralvibrationwiththenodesat0,224 lfromtheends 5.2 Instantaneousexcitationmode Theapparatuscomprises: a) amechanicalpulsegenerator,whichcanbeahammeroranelectricpulsegenerator; b) a
35、receivingtransducerintheformofavibrationsensorpin.Theresonancefrequencyofthetransducer mustbeatleasttwicethepresumedfundamentalresonancefrequencyofthespecimen; c) adevicethatisusedtorecordorindicatethebeginningofthespecimenresonance; d) asystemthatmeasuresorcalculatesthespecimensfundamentalresonance
36、frequencywithanaccuracy betterthan 0,5%; e) aworksurfaceisolatedfromexternalvibrations,withthepossibilitytomakemeasurements; f) specimenstandsmadeofrigidmetalwhoselengthisatleastequaltothewidth b; Thepositionandshapeofthetestspecimensupportsareasdescribedin5.1. 5.3 Testingtherepeatabilityoftheappara
37、tus Thisverificationmustbecarriedoutbeforeandaftereachseriesoftests.Themeasurementofrepeatabilityis testedat(20 3)Cwithasquarebasedcalibrationprismmadeofduraluminium.Ifthedifferencebetweenthe certifiedandtheactuallongitudinalfundamentalresonancefrequencyoftheprismisgreaterthan0,5%orthe differencebet
38、weenthemeasurementbeforeandafteratestisgreaterthan0,1%thenthetestshallbedeclared invalid.EN14146:2004(E) 9 5.4 Additionalapparatusforthetwoexcitationmodes 5.4.1 Abalancewithanaccuracyof0,01%ofthemasstobedetermined. 5.4.2 Alinearmeasuringdevicewithanaccuracyof0,1mm. 5.4.3 Arectangularparallelepipedwi
39、thasquarebase,dimensions(40 1)mmx(160 1)mm,madeof duraluminium. NOTE Duraluminiumisanalloymadeofaluminiumandcopper. 6 Preparationofthespecimens 6.1Sampling Thesamplingisnottheresponsibilityofthetestinglaboratoryexceptwhenitisespeciallyrequested. Atleastsixspecimensfromanhomogeneousbatchshallbetested
40、. 6.2Specimens Thetestspecimensshallbeprismaticorcylindricalinshape.Thelengthofcylindrical,squareorrectangularbased prismsshallbeatleasttwicethelargestdimensionofthebase. 6.3Tolerances Thetolerancesofthedimensions , b, d, hshallbe 1mm. 6.4 Planesofanisotropy Ifthestoneshowsplanesofanisotropy(e.g.bed
41、ding,foliation),thespecimensaretobepreparedwiththelong axiseitherparallelorperpendiculartotheseplanes 6.5Conditioning the specimens Themeasurementscanbecarriedoutwithanywatercontentandsothespecimensrequirenoconditioningbefore testing.However,thecondition(thatiswetordry)andthetemperatureshallbereport
42、edexactly. 7Procedure 7.1 Preliminaryoperations Ifthespecimensarewettheyshallbewipedwithadampclothbeforetesting. Measurethegeometricdimensions, , b, hor dofeachspecimentothenearest0,1mminaccordancewith EN 13373. PlacethetransducersasshowninFigures1,2and3. Evaluatethecorrespondingfundamentalresonance
43、frequencyusingthechosenvibrationmode F L , F T or F F .EN14146:2004(E) 10 7.2Excitation mode 7.2.1 Continuousexcitationmode Measuretheexcitationfrequencyusingafrequencymeteruntilthetestspecimenbeginstoresonate. Recordthebeginningofthespecimenresonance,whichisobtainedwhenthereceiverrecordsmaximumenergy. Onthefrequencymeterreadthefundamentalresonancefrequency F L ,F T orF F .correspondingtothechosen vibrationmode. NOTE Isnotalwayseasytoaccuratelydeterminethemomentatwhichresonancestartswhentestingaspecimenwitha relativ
