1、BS EN 594:2011Timber structures Testmethods Racking strengthand stiffness of timber framewall panelsBS EN 594:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 594:2011. Itsupersedes BS EN 594:1996 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation wa
2、s entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/518, Structural timber.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 20
3、11ISBN 978 0 580 64487 0ICS 91.060.10; 91.080.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedB
4、S EN 594:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 594 June 2011 ICS 91.060.10; 91.080.20 Supersedes EN 594:1995English Version Timber structures - Test methods - Racking strength and stiffness of timber frame wall panels Structures en bois - Mthodes dessai - Essai de raideur et rsist
5、ance au contreventement des murs ossature en bois Holzbauwerke - Prfverfahren - Wandscheiben-Tragfhigkeit und -Steifigkeit von Wandelementen in Holztafelbauart This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 June 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which s
6、tipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This Europe
7、an Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are
8、the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
9、 Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref
10、. No. EN 594:2011: EBS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 42 Normative references 43 Terms and definitions .44 Symbols 55 Requirements for test panels .56 Test method 56.1 Principle 56.2 Apparatus .66.3 Base and loading frame 76.3.1 General 76.3.2 Mounting of test panel 76.
11、3.3 Preparation of the specimens 86.4 Procedure .86.4.1 General 86.4.2 Stabilizing load cycle . 116.4.3 Strength test 116.4.4 Moisture content and density 116.5 Expression of the results . 116.6 Test report . 12Annex A (normative) The testing of units of dimensions other than 2,4 m 2,4 m 14A.1 Gener
12、al . 14A.2 Requirements for panels 14A.3 Apparatus 14A.4 Procedure 15A.5 Test report . 15BS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 594:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 124 “Timber structures”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard sha
13、ll be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this d
14、ocument may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 594:1995. The changes compared to the previous version are: 1) the test standard opened the scope for more types of panels; 2) the
15、test protocol is changed to allow a more straight forward comparison between results of different panels. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croa
16、tia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E
17、) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the test method to be used in determining the racking strength and stiffness of timber frame wall panels. The test method is intended primarily for panels as described, to provide: comparative performance values for the materials used in the manufacture o
18、f the panels, and data information for use in structural design. The principle of the test method is suited to other sizes and shapes of panels and to other methods of hold down as well as panels which are partially sheathed and to combinations of panels. NOTE The method is detailed for a general si
19、tuation where the client for the test knows the materials to be used in the construction, which may cover a range of different panels and walls and therefore wishes to test a standard configuration of panel. Where specific details are fixed they may be incorporated into the test but any additions or
20、 changes to the standard configuration are indicated in the test report and, later, can lead to limitations on the use of the test data. 2 Normative references EN 322, Wood-based panels Determination of moisture content EN 323, Wood-based panels Determination of density EN 14358, Timber structures C
21、alculation of the characteristic 5-percentile values and acceptance criteria for a sample ISO 3130, Wood Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests ISO 3131, Wood Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this docum
22、ent, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 timber frame wall panel structural wall panel consisting of timber framing with sheathing material fixed to one or both faces and are referred to herein as panels 3.2 head binder piece of timber fixed to the top of the panel for test purposes 3.3 p
23、acker piece of timber fixed to the base of the test rig for test purposes 3.4 racking strength capacity of a panel to resist a horizontal load in the plane of the panel 3.5 racking stiffness calculated stiffness of a panel when it is loaded to approximately 40 % of its racking strength BS EN 594:201
24、1EN 594:2011 (E) 5 4 Symbols F applied racking load, in newtons; Fmaxmaximum racking load, in newtons; Fmax,estestimated maximum racking load, in newtons; Fvapplied vertical load, in newtons; R racking stiffness, in newtons per millimetre; panel deformation, in millimetre. 5 Requirements for test pa
25、nels The dimensions of panels shall be as given in Figure 1. The requirements for other panel sizes and shapes and their testing are given in Annex A. The edges of all sheathing materials shall be fixed or partly fixed. Frame fixings should be those used in practice but where this is not known, two
26、3,87 mm diameter nails of any type with adequate pointside penetration should be used at each rail to stud joint. Frame material should be that recommended for use in practice. Care should be taken to use timber of a quality no better than could be expected in practice. Special care should be taken
27、to ensure that the bottom rail and centre stud timbers (and leading stud if a holding down restraint is attached) are not above average for the timbers used in the tests. The specification of the timber should follow that used in practice but where this is not known C16 timber with a nominal size of
28、 90 mm 40 mm is recommended. NOTE 1 2,4 m is the recommended height of the panel if the height to be used in practice is not known or can vary. The test method is appropriate for panel heights between 2,1 m and 3,0 m. NOTE 2 If the sheathing is unsuitable for joining two sheets on a single stud, tha
29、t stud may be replaced by two studs adequately connected along their length. Gaps between sheets should be typical of that used in practice. Where this is unknown a 3 mm gap is recommended. The standard configuration is for studs at nominal 600 mm centres. NOTE 3 The number, location and orientation
30、 of intermediate studs are not critical to the test panel, and should reflect the normal construction practice except with relation to vertical load. If the construction requires the sheets to be laid with the long edge horizontal, the vertical joint shown in Figure 1 can be replaced by a mid height
31、 horizontal joint. The sheathing to one face of the panel will normally consist of two sheets approximately 1,2 m 2,4 m. Where other sizes of sheet are used in practice they may be substituted and suit the size of the timber frame. NOTE 4 Test panels may include sheathing on both faces of the panel
32、or more than one layer of sheathing on one face if required by construction practice and if all sheets are considered to contribute to the racking strength or stiffness. The position and spacing of fixings shall be consistent and follow the specification for the panel. NOTE 5 Sheathing thickness, sh
33、eathing fixings and their spacing are all related directly to test performance. Variation from specification can limit the use of the test results. 6 Test method 6.1 Principle The test method measures the resistance to racking load of panels which can deform both vertically and horizontally in the p
34、lane of the panel. BS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E) 6 In this test method, the panel is either fixed to the test rig in the same manner as that used in practice or, if the site fixing arrangement is unknown, the bottom rail of the panel is bolted (or similar) to the test rig and uplift is resisted by t
35、he sheathing fixings and also by the vertical loads on the top rail of the panel or holding down restraints. NOTE 1 Different panels should be tested for each condition of vertical load (see 6.4.2 and 6.4.3). Normally, it is sufficient to test the maximum and minimum conditions of vertical load appr
36、opriate to the design of the panel. NOTE 2 The number of panels tested will depend on the variability in materials and manufacture, the required level of confidence and the number of loading conditions to be applied. Wherever possible more than three panels of the same design and loading regime shou
37、ld be tested to permit the assessment of the likely variability in performance. 6.2 Apparatus The test apparatus shall be as shown in Figure 3, and shall be capable of applying separately both racking load F and vertical load Fv. The method of application of loads shall be such that no significant r
38、esistance to the in plane racking deformation of the panel is induced. The apparatus shall be capable of continuously recording the loads F and Fvwith an accuracy of 3 % of the load applied, or, for loads of less than 0,1 Fmaxwith an accuracy of 0,3 % Fmax. The panel displacements shall be measured
39、to the nearest 0,1 mm. BS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E) 7 Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 top rail 2 trailing stud 3 centre stud 4 intermediate studs 5 two 1 200 mm wide sheets joined on centre stud 6 leading stud 7 bottom rail Figure 1 Details of test panel 6.3 Base and loading frame 6.3.1 General The
40、 base of the test rig shall provide a level bed to receive the test panel and packer. The base shall be sufficiently stiff so as not to distort during the test. A rigid point reference (independent of the test rig) shall be provided for the measurement of the deformation of the panel. 6.3.2 Mounting
41、 of test panel The panel should be mounted on a packer and secured through the packer to the base of the test rig in such a way that the base fixing detail models that used in practice. Where the site fixing is unknown or may vary in practice, the bottom rail may be fixed in a manner so as to restra
42、in the bottom rail from sliding, rotating and cupping under uplift forces in order to provide an upper bound datum such that the maximum racking capacity of the panel and its components can be tested. BS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E) 8 Figure 2 details a typical example using holding down bolts or othe
43、r fixings with equivalent performance. The bolts are normally used with large washers (75 mm diameter or equivalent is recommended for use with 90 mm wide framing timber) and shall be tightened until the washers start to embed in the bottom rail of the panel. Other forms of fixing may also be used t
44、o obtain a similar degree of restraint but shall not prevent rotation of the boards or framing members other than the bottom rail unless similar restraints can be guaranteed in practice. Where washers are not appropriate the fixings may be increased to provide equivalent resistance and spread across
45、 the width of the rail if necessary to reduce cupping forces. The cross-sectional dimensions and position of the packer shall be such as to provide a firm base to the panel and to allow the free movement of the panel sheathing during the test. The head binder shall be rigidly attached to the top rai
46、l of the panel, Figure 3. The cross-sectional dimensions and position shall be such as to provide a firm interface between the loads and the panel and to allow the free movement of the panel sheathing during the test. Lateral restraints shall be provided through the head binder so that the head of t
47、he panel will deflect only in the plane of the panel. Where special methods of base fixing are used the results obtained may be limited to the use of such fixings in practice. Uplift forces Holding down fixing Figure 2 Explanation of cupping deformation of bottom rail 6.3.3 Preparation of the specim
48、ens The materials of manufacturer for the panels shall be conditioned at the standard environment of (20 2) C and (65 5) % relative humidity. The test laboratory shall normally be maintained at the standard environment, but when other conditions apply, they shall be reported. 6.4 Procedure 6.4.1 Gen
49、eral Racking loads shall be applied with and without vertical loads. BS EN 594:2011EN 594:2011 (E) 9 If applicable, the vertical loads Fvshall be applied at the stud positions as shown in Figure 3. The method of application of the vertical loads shall allow for racking deflections up to 100 mm; if fixed jacking points are used, the vertical load on the stud nearest the point of application of the racking load shall be positioned approximately 100 mm from the end of the panel (see Figure 3
