1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 12777-1:199 Methods of test for pallet joints Part 1: Determination of bending resistance of pallet nails, other dowel-type fasteners and staples ICS +A1:2008 621.060.50; 21.060.70; 55.180.20This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Board and
2、 comes into effect on 15 March 1997 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments 9398 March 1997 BS EN ISO 12777-1:1996+A1:2008 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 65442 8 as BS EN ISO 12777-1:1997 This corrigendum renumbers BS ISO 12777-1:1994 Implementation of ISO amendment 1:2008 wit
3、h CEN endorsement A1:2008, and alignment of BSI and CEN publication dates National foreword The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purpor
4、t to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 12777-1:1996 +A1:2008. It is identical with ISO 12777
5、-1:1994, incorporating amendment 1:2008. It supersedes BS EN ISO 12777-1:1996 which is withdrawn. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to ISO text carry the number of the ISO amendment. For example, text altered by
6、ISO amendment 1 is indicated by !“. PKW/0, Packaging . , to Panel PKW/0/-/11, Wood 31 July 2009 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM ICS 55.180.20 Descriptors: Pallets, joining, fasteners, nails (fasteners), staples, tests, bend tests English version Methods of test for pallet joints Pa
7、rt 1: Determination of bending resistance of pallet nails, other dowel-type fasteners and staples (ISO 12777-1:1994) Mthodes dessai des assemblages de palettes Partie 1: Dtermination de la rsistance la flexion des clous et autres lments de fixation de type cheville, et des clous cavaliers (ISO 12777
8、-1:1994) Prfungen von Verbindungen an Paletten Teil 1: Bestimmung der Biegefestigkeit von Palettenngeln, Klammern und anderen dbelartigen Verbindungselementen (ISO 12777-1:1994) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1996-04-11. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Re
9、gulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. The
10、European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the
11、national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee f
12、r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1996 Copyright reserved to CEN members Ref. No. EN ISO 12777-1:1996 E EN ISO 12777-1:1996+A1 November 2008 BSI 2 Foreword The text of the International Standard from Technical Committee ISO/TC 51 “Pallets for unit load method of mate
13、rials handling” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been taken over as an European Standard by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publica
14、tion of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 1997, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 1997. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement
15、 this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This document (EN ISO 12777-1:1996/A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 51
16、“Pallets for unit load method of materials handling“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging“, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This Amendment to the European Standard EN ISO 12777:1996 shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an id
17、entical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held respo
18、nsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Franc
19、e, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 12777-1:1994/Amd 1:2008 has been approved by CEN as a
20、EN ISO 12777-1:1996/A1:2008 without any modification. Foreword to amendment A1 BS EN ISO 12777-1:1996+A1:2008 2009ii BSI 2009 Contents Page Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Definition 1 3 Symbols 1 4 Static bend tests (primary methods) 1 5 Impact bend test (supplementary method) 4 Figure 1 Principle of th
21、e three-point loading static bend test showing the application of force F 2 Figure 2 Typical test apparatus Three-point loading static bend test 2 Figure 3 Principle of the four-point loading static bend test showing the application of force F 3 Figure 4 Principle of the three-point impact method by
22、 impact load (impulse) I, s h o w i n g a n g l e o f d e f o r m a t i o n 5 Figure 5 Typical test apparatus Three-point impact method 5 Figure 6 Detail of angle measurement Three-point impact method 5 BS EN ISO 12777-1:1996+A1:2008 BSI 1 Introduction In 1988 ISO/TC 51 requested ISO/TC 51/WG 2 to d
23、evelop standard test methods for pallet joints. During the early meetings of WG 2 it became evident that the lack of International Standards on nail testing meant that fasteners (essential elements of pallet joints) could not be characterized sufficiently to enable worthwhile progress on full-joint
24、testing. Although there were existing, or partially developed, nail testing principles, WG 2 considered that, in a practical situation where for quality control purposes or comparisons of nail quality reasonably accurate and rapid nail strength data were required, one, or both, of the two existing c
25、ommercial nail testers was (were) better suited to the needs of pallet makers, pallet test laboratories and nail manufacturers. Preliminary work by WG 2 led the manufacturers of both machines to make design modifications to improve accuracy. In November 1990, WG 2 appointed an ad hoc team of four me
26、mbers to evaluate the machines. The evaluation, carried out with the cooperation of the manufacturers/agents of each nail test machine, demonstrated that the technical requirements for nail test machines/principles were met by both machines. The good correlation between the ultimate tensile strength
27、 of steel and the results of nail bending tests disappears once threads are rolled on to nails. Nail bending resistance is critical to the performance of a nail and, for this reason, the bending resistance of finished nails is the recommended method for specifying pallet nails and staples. Users sho
28、uld not automatically specify the highest grade of nail in a pallet design, any more than they would automatically specify the strongest available wood species. In general, it is only to improve the performance of a particular joint that is proving a weak link in a pallet design, or to build in a lo
29、nger life, etc., that nail upgrading would take place. There are also many instances where a nail with a lower performance would be the best choice, such as in a pallet-mat subassembly constructed with clinched nails. 1 Scope This part of ISO 12777 describes test methods for the determination of the
30、 bending resistance of pallet nails, staples and other dowel-type fasteners. It includes tests for the a) ultimate strength in static bending (three- and four-point loading methods); b) impact bend resistance (three-point loading method). These test methods apply to all types of nails, including loo
31、se, collated or coil nails, up to 6 mm in diameter (round, square, fluted, twisted, plain or threaded) and may also be suitable for other fasteners such as staples. 2 Definition For the purposes of this part of ISO 12777, the following definition applies. 2.1 bending resistance 1) (primary static me
32、thod): The ultimate strength determined in bending configuration using a three- or four-point loading method. It is measured as torque in newton metres. 2) (supplementary impact method): The impact bend resistance under the application of a given load. It is measured in degrees as an angle of deform
33、ation. 3 Symbols 4 Static bend tests (primary methods) 4.1 Three-point loading method 4.1.1 Principle A nail, staple or other dowel-type fastener is clamped in such a way as to resist bending at two points A and B (see Figure 1). A force is then applied to the unclamped portion of the nail at a set
34、point C, using a pivoted bending actuator to which torque is applied. The maximum torque applied is recorded. F Applied force, in newtons F R Force of reaction, in newtons I Impact load (impulse), in newton seconds M Applied torque, in newton metres M R Opposing torque, in newton metres l Nail or st
35、aple length, in millimetres, under bending stress (dimension B to C in Figure 1 and Figure 3) L Effective length, in millimetres, of load actuator Angular movement, in degrees Angle of deformation, in degrees BS EN ISO 12777-1:199 +A1:2008 6 20092 BSI 2009 4.1.2 Apparatus 1) The equipment shall have
36、 an accuracy and a repeatability of4 % . A typical test apparatus is shown in Figure 2; it comprises the following items. 4.1.2.1 Clamping device, with the front edge (point B in Figure 1) having a radius of 2 mm. 4.1.2.2 Bending actuators, interchangeable, pivoted, each fitted with two bending arms
37、, to provide a range of different mechanical advantages when applying force to the nail. 4.1.2.3 Framework to position the actuator in relation to the clamping device. 4.1.2.4 Means of applying torque to the actuator, e.g. a torque wrench, and of recording the maximum torque applied. NOTE 1 A plain
38、shank calibration nail of known characteristics may assist in ensuring that the test apparatus is operating correctly. However this is not an alternative to traceable calibration, with which it may be combined. 4.1.3 Procedure 4.1.3.1 Clamp the nail under test in the position required by the particu
39、lar apparatus in use. 1) product. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. Figure 1 Principle of the three-point loading static bend test showing the application of force F Figure 2 Typical test apparatus Three-point loading static bend test !“ Model Versus 1
40、27 is the tradename of a suitable test apparatus supplied by Verus Instruments LTD, High Wycombe, UK. This information is given for the convenience of users of this part of ISO 12777 and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this BS EN ISO 12777-1:199 +A1:2008 6 BSI 9 3 4.1.3.2 Select the app
41、ropriate bending actuator (4.1.2.2) for the type and diameter of the nail under test. 4.1.3.3 Using the torque wrench or other suitable means (4.1.2.4), slowly apply the bending force to the nail until it bends. Record the maximum torque applied. In the case of square nails, separate tests should be
42、 carried out to determine bending resistance across the flats and across the corners. 4.1.3.4 Convert the maximum torque reading into newton metres by applying the factor appropriate to the bending actuator employed. 4.1.4 Expression of results Express the results as the maximum applied torque in ne
43、wton metres (Nm). 4.1.5 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) reference to this part of ISO 12777; b) the number of nails (fasteners) tested; c) a description of the nails tested, including shank diameter (d), profile of threaded portion, shape of staple legs, etc.
44、and, in the case of square nails, the direction of test; d) type of apparatus used; e) length of nail under bending stress (l), in millimetres; f) effective length of the actuator (L), in millimetres; g) maximum torque applied, in newton metres; h) date of test; i) name of the organization carrying
45、out the test; j) signature of the person responsible for the test. 4.2 Four-point loading method 4.2.1 Principle A nail is positioned in two locating devices and a moment M is applied to the block which forms the second locating device, causing the nail to bend. The force involved is recorded togeth
46、er with the angular movement of the block (see Figure 3). 4.2.2 Apparatus The equipment shall have an accuracy and a repeatability of 4 % . The apparatus comprises the following items. 4.2.2.1 Locating device, loose-fitting, which only makes firm contact with the nail under test at both points A and
47、 B (see Figure 3) as load is applied by a second locating device via moment M. 4.2.2.2 Second locating device, loose-fitting, in the form of a block, which only makes firm contact at both points C and D (see Figure 3) when it is rotated via moment M and the load is resisted by the first locating dev
48、ice. 4.2.2.3 Synchronized motor worm-drive, turning anticlockwise, to apply moment M. 4.2.2.4 Means of measuring force F at the end of a floating beam of 1 m length, fixed to location points A and B. 4.2.2.5 Plotter, to record the force F against a time base, enabling a plot of F against (the angula
49、r movement of the block) to be produced. NOTE 2 A plain shank calibration nail of known characteristics may assist in ensuring that the test apparatus is operating correctly. However this is not an alternative to traceable calibration, with which it may be combined. 4.2.3 Procedure 4.2.3.1 Position the nail under test in the locating devices (4.2.2.1 and 4.2.2.2). 4.2.3.2 Start the motor (4.2.2.3) and allow the nail to bend. Monitor the force recorded and stop the test once the maximum force applied has been clea
