1、 ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11)Technical Report PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT);Basic data relating to LVDN measurementsin the 3 MHz to 100 MHz frequency rangeETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 2 Reference DTR/PLT-00018 Keywords emission, noise, powerline, transmission ETSI 650 Route des Luc
2、ioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: htt
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5、p:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright an
6、d the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2004. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being re
7、gistered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 3 Abbre
8、viations and symbols 5 3.1 Abbreviations .5 3.2 Symbols5 4 Major project phases 6 5 Measurement set-up description.6 5.1 Introduction 6 5.2 Set-up for measurements of conducted signals between two LVDN-ports 8 5.3 Set-up for measurements of radiated signals9 5.4 General equipment list9 5.4.1 Comb ge
9、nerator 9 5.4.2 Amplifier 10 5.4.3 EMI receiver .11 5.4.4 Biconal antenna 11 5.4.5 3 MHz to 100 MHz Balun 12 6 Measurement software .12 6.1 Description of software 12 6.2 Evaluation of the results .13 6.2.1 Principle of evaluation of Noise Floor and TTL.13 7 Example Test Results .14 8 Statistical ev
10、aluation of Noise Measurements15 9 Statistical evaluation of measured TTL17 10 Statistical evaluation of Coupling Factor .22 10.1 Frequency Dependency 22 10.2 Cumulative Probability of Coupling Factor .23 History 24 ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential
11、or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Es
12、sential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETS
13、I. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Powerline
14、 Telecommunications (PLT). Introduction In August 2002 ETSI PLT created a Special task Force (STF) to do in situ measurements in LVDN networks. It was necessary to define and implement a measurement set-up and to perform measurements in a number of countries in which various wiring and earthing tech
15、niques are used for LVDN. The following documents produced as a result of the measurement campaign, describe measurements and analysis in the 1 MHz to 30 MHz frequency range: TR 102 269, PLT Hidden Node review and statistical analysis. TR 102 258, PLT LCL review and statistical analysis. TR 102 259,
16、 EMI review and statistical analysis. TR 102 270, Basic Low Voltage Distribution Network (LVDN) measurement data. ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 5 1 Scope The present document describes the equipment and results of the measurement campaign in the 3 MHz to 100 MHz frequency range and is a supp
17、lement to TR 102 270 2 and TR 102 269 3. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: 1 ETSI TR 102 175: “PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Channel characterization and measurement methods“. 2 ETSI TR 102 270: “PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Basi
18、c Low Voltage Distribution Network (LVDN) measurement data“. 3 ETSI TR 102 269: “PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Hidden Node review and statistical analysis“. 3 Abbreviations and symbols 3.1 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: BALUN BALanced
19、 to UNbalanced transformer EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference LVDN Low Voltage Distribution Network OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing PC Personal Computer STF Special Task Force sym symmetrical T aTtenuator TTL Transverse Transfer Loss 3.2 Symbols For th
20、e purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: dB deciBel f frequency Hz Hertz Ohm kHz kiloHerzm meter M Mega ms millisecond micro V Volt W Watt ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 6 4 Major project phases Table 4.1: Major project phases No. Period Topic Event 01 Sept. to Oct. 20
21、02 Project organization Definition of characteristics Measurement set-up Planning Task Force Meeting No. 1 and 2 Frankfurt 02 Nov. to Dec. 2002 Measurement set-up familiarisation, laboratory tests Task Force Meeting No. 3 University Dortmund 03 Jan. 2003 Measurements in 3 single family houses Measur
22、ement campaign Eindhoven, NL 04 February 2003 Measurements in 3 apartments and 1 office building Measurement campaign Stuttgart, D 05 March 2003 Measurements in 4 apartments 2 single family houses 2 office buildings 2 factory buildings Measurement campaign Zaragoza, E 06 May to July 2003 Data analys
23、is Reports Task Force meeting No.4 Frankfurt 07 July to August 2003 Measurements in higher frequency span in 3 apartments and 1 single family house Measurement campaign Stuttgart, D 08 September 2003 Data analysis Reports ETSI PLT Plenary Meetings 5 Measurement set-up description 5.1 Introduction As
24、 a starting point the STF had to define the parameters to be measured and to build the corresponding measurement set-up. This clause shows the practical implementation, the various measurement set-ups and the instrumentation used. The definition of the parameters to be assessed can be found in 1. Fi
25、gure 5.1 shows the measurement-set-up. ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 7 EMI Receiver and PC Amplifier, Comb generator Balun for Feeding or receiving Biconal Antenna Figure 5.1: Measurement equipment ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 8 5.2 Set-up for measurements of conducted signals betwe
26、en two LVDN-ports The measurement set-up basically consists of a signal source connected via the 3 MHz to 100 MHz Balun to the mains. 3 MHz to 100 MHz Balun L V D N Amplifier Comb generator T 3 MHz to 100 MHz Balun EMI Receiver PC Figure 5.2: General measurement set-up for conducted signals with sym
27、metrical injection In comparison to the measurements described in 2 there are no common mode measurements done in the frequency range from 3 MHz to 100 MHz, so there is no ground plane needed. The 3 MHz to 100 MHz balun is inserted into the LVDN-socket with a 15cm cable. Since no phase measurements
28、should be performed, this cable has only a minimum effect on magnitude measurements. During calibration (i.e. direct connection of two baluns with this cable length) it was found that this short cable has almost no influence. ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 9 5.3 Set-up for measurements of rad
29、iated signals 3 MHz to 100 MHz Balun L V D N Amplifier Comb generator T PC EMI receiver Figure 5.3: General measurement set-up for radiated signals with symmetrical injection NOTE: The distance of the phase centre of the antenna to power line network is about 10 m. 5.4 General equipment list 5.4.1 C
30、omb generator The published specifications of this commercially available comb generator are not very tight. The unit used for the STF measurements however shows a flat spectrum in the range of interest between 3 MHz and 100 MHz and a very good stability of the output level. Table 5.1 Property Value
31、 Comment Type VSQ 1000 Manufacturer Bogerfunk (see note) Output level 78 dBV in the frequency domain; into 50 Output impedance 50 Frequency range 100 MHz Repetition frequency 1 MHz (also adjustable in 5 steps) NOTE: Bogerfunk is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This informati
32、on is given for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of this product. ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 10Figure 5.4: Comb generator 5.4.2 Amplifier The specifications of the amplifier generator are not very tight; but the gain was found
33、 to be very stable. Table 5.2 Property Value Comment Type 102LC 10 Hz to 100 MHz Manufacturer Kalmus (see note) Output level 2 W into 50 Output impedance 50 Input impedance 50 Gain 36 dB 100 kHz to 100 MHz NOTE: Kalmus is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is g
34、iven for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of this product. The amplifier is sufficiently linear for 1 MHz-spaced spectrum lines up to 96 dBV. For an output level of 96 dBV a 23 dB attenuator must be inserted between the comb generator an
35、d the amplifier. Figure 5.5: Amplifier ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 115.4.3 EMI receiver Table 5.3 Property Value Comment Type ESPC Manufacturer Rohde & Schwarz (see note) Detector Peak and Average Note: Peak- or Average value of the measured RMS voltage (for the evaluation, only the averag
36、e value has been taken into account) Frequency range 0.009 MHz to 2 400 MHz Frequency steps 100 kHz 4 noise readings between Comb generator peaks Dwell time 20 ms default Resolution bandwidth 10 kHz Receiver noise -5 dBV up to 30 MHz NOTE: Rohde & Schwarz is an example of a suitable product availabl
37、e commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of this product. Figure 5.6: EMI receiver 5.4.4 Biconal antenna Table 5.4 Property Value Comment Type: Antenna Balun VHBA 9123 Type: Biconal Element BBA 9106
38、Manufacturer Schwarzbeck (see note) Antenna factor Varies between 12,2 dB and 7,9 dB (1/m) The antenna factor was measured individually for the used antenna in an EMC lab. This data was used for calibration of the Antenna Measurements. Antenna tripod Wooden tripod, always at 1 m above floor. NOTE: S
39、chwarzbeck is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of this product. ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 12Figure 5.7: Biconal antenna 5.4.5 3 MHz to 100
40、 MHz Balun This balun transforms 100 symmetrical to 50 asymmetrical. It was designed for low power loss within the frequency spectrum from 3 MHz to 100 MHz with the aim to maximize the injected signal. 100 0 24t micro coax 1,5 nF|1M 54t twisted torroid 1,5 nF|1M Figure 5.8: Schematic of the “3 MHz t
41、o 100 MHz balun“ 6 Measurement software 6.1 Description of software The software used for the measurements from 3 MHz to 100 MHz is almost identical to the software described in 2 (measurements 1 MHz to 30 MHz). Following changes had been performed: - Start Frequency: 3 MHz. - Stop Frequency: 100 MH
42、z. - Frequency step size: 500 kHz. Every 2ndvalue is ground noise, the other 2ndvalue is the spike from the comb generator. - Evaluation of the antenna measurements: use the max measurement out of 2 measurements at different polarisations. - Considering the frequency dependent antenna factor. ETSI E
43、TSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 13- Instead of fixed transducer settings it is possible to reference a file with frequency dependent transducer settings. - Charts in the analysis section show the measurement in the span from 3 MHz to 100 MHz respective 30 MHz to 100 MHz for radiation measurements. 6
44、.2 Evaluation of the results For precise evaluation of the Attenuation measurements the two 100 MHz Baluns need to be calibrated. This was done by connecting both baluns. From that the transducer factor was derived and used as reference for attenuation measurements. Attenuation = Feeding sym. Signal
45、 (measured at second balun) + Correction Factor file from Transducer Settings - Received sym. Signal + Correction Factor file from Transducer k-Factor = max measurement out of 2 measurement orientations (x,y) + Antenna Factor file from Transducer Settings - Feed sym Signal + Correction factor file f
46、rom transducer settings Noise = Received sym. Signal + Correction Factor file from Transducer Settings 6.2.1 Principle of evaluation of Noise Floor and TTL As overview the empirical cumulative probability (probability that Noise or TTL is below a certain value) is plotted as contour plot in the Nois
47、e/TTL - Frequency plane. As contour lines the probabilities 20 %, 50 % and 80 % have been chosen in the following diagrams. From that plot it may be difficult to derive hidden node criteria for any modem design, since these diagrams hide spikes occurring on every measurement location. Therefore two
48、other criteria have been defined as shown in figure 6.1. TTLkfLargest WindowSecond WindowFigure 6.1: Definition of characteristic quantities for hidden node analysis (TTL as example) A criteria applicable for modems with OFDM and similar broadband modulation scheme is the part of the frequencies, wh
49、ere noise or TTL is below a specified value k. It is calculated as quotient of the frequencies marked in green in figure 4 and the whole investigated frequency room. roomfrequencywholekTTLorNoiseroomfrequencya_)_(_%100= ETSI ETSI TR 102 370 V1.1.1 (2004-11) 14Another criteria applicable for modems which need a continuous frequency band is the size of the largest window (referred to as “size of window“), where noise or TTL is below a specified value k. To consider modems needing two channels (up and downstream) an a
