1、 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Advanced satellite based scenarios andarchitectures for beyond 3G systemsETSI ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 2Reference DTR/SES-00288 Keywords 3G, architecture, MSS, satellite ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F
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8、 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 3Contents Intellectual Property Rights 9g3Foreword . 9g3Introduction 9g31 Scope 10g32 References 10g32.1 Normative references . 10g32.2 Informative references 10g33 Abbreviations . 28g34 Overview on future Mobile Satellite Systems 33g34.1 Aims . 33g34.2 Future Mobil
9、e Satellite System Architectures 34g34.2.1 Medium-Term Architecture 34g34.2.2 Long-Term Architecture . 36g34.3 Land Mobile Satellite Channel Modelling . 37g34.3.1 Summary of Models and Conclusions 37g35 Analysis of Medium-Term MSS Architecture . 38g35.1 QoS Requirements 38g35.2 Signal Processing and
10、 Diversity Techniques for Improving the Performance of Mobile Satellite Systems 39g35.2.1 Signal Detection Technique for Multi-User CDMA systems, Spatially/Polarized multiplexed MIMO and Inter-Spotbeam Interference Suppression 40g35.2.2 Diversity and MIMO Techniques . 41g35.2.3 Adaptive Beamforming
11、. 41g35.2.4 State-of-the-art Error Correction Codes 42g35.2.5 Time Interleavers 42g35.2.6 Conclusions on Signal Processing and Diversity Techniques for Improving the Performance of Mobile Satellite Systems 42g35.3 Upper-Layer Error Control Techniques . 43g35.3.1 Introduction. 43g35.3.2 Upper-Layer C
12、oding and Interleaving 43g35.3.3 Feedback-based Schemes . 43g35.3.3.1 ARQ 43g35.3.3.2 Hybrid ARQ 44g35.3.4 Satellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols. 44g35.3.4.1 Reliable Multicast over Unidirectional Satellite Link (RMUS) 44g35.3.4.2 Satellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (SRMTP) 45
13、g35.3.4.3 SATellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (SAT-RMTP) . 45g35.3.5 Conclusions on Upper-Layer Error Control Techniques 45g35.4 Existing satellite systems and standards . 45g35.4.1 Fixed and Broadcast satellite systems and standards 46g35.4.1.1 DVB-SH, DVB-S/S2 and DVB-RCS 46g35.4.1.2 S
14、ATMODE . 46g35.4.1.3 Conclusions on existing fixed and broadcast satellite systems and standards . 46g35.4.2 Mobile satellite standards . 47g35.4.2.1 Existing mobile satellite systems and standards 47g35.4.2.2 New and emerging mobile satellite systems and standards . 47g35.4.2.3 Conclusion on mobile
15、 satellite systems and standards 47g35.5 New existing mobile Terrestrial Standards 48g35.5.1 IEEE Mobile WiMAX 48g35.5.2 3GPP evolutions including LTE (Long Term Evolution of UMTS). 49g35.5.3 Conclusions on New existing mobile Terrestrial Standards . 50g36 Analysis of Long-Term MSS Architecture 50g3
16、6.1 4G concepts 50g3ETSI ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 46.2 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio 55g36.2.1 Introduction. 55g36.2.2 Existing Examples of Dynamic Spectrum Access 56g36.2.3 Cognitive Radios for Realising Opportunistic Spectrum Access 58g36.2.4 Interference Mitigation Techniqu
17、es 60g36.2.5 Conclusions on Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio . 61g36.3 Radio Relays and Co-Operative Transmission Techniques . 62g36.3.1 Introduction. 62g36.3.2 Cooperative Techniques in the IEEE 802.16 i.333 Standard (a.k.a Wimax) . 63g36.3.3 Conclusions on Radio Relays and Co-Operative
18、 Transmission Techniques 65g36.4 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks . 65g36.4.1 Introduction. 65g36.4.2 Ad-hoc Networking Capability in IEEE 802 Standards 67g36.4.2.1 IEEE 802.11s 67g36.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15 i.279 68g36.4.2.3 IEEE 802.16 i.333 68g36.4.3 Conclusions on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks 69g37 Candidate System A
19、rchitecture for Beyond 3G or 4G Satellite Component . 69g37.1 Overview 69g37.2 Examples of candidate system architecture 70g37.2.1 Application examples . 70g37.2.2 Possible services . 70g37.2.3 System requirements . 71g37.2.3.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case 71g37.2.3.2 Hybrid sate
20、llite and terrestrial system case . 72g37.2.4 Specific features 73g37.2.4.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case 73g37.2.4.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 75g37.2.5 Possible technical issues . 76g37.2.5.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case 76g37.2.5.1.1 Mob
21、ility between terrestrial and satellite coverage . 76g37.2.5.1.2 Mobility between terrestrial system and MSS integrated satellite and terrestrial case 77g37.2.5.1.3 Terminal architectures . 77g37.2.5.1.4 Application of long term techniques 77g37.2.5.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 7
22、7g37.2.6 Example of proposed beyond 3G system 77g38 Spectrum Requirements . 78g39 Conclusions 80g39.1 Medium-Term Architecture 80g39.2 Long-Term Architecture . 80g310 Recommendations 81g3Annex A: Detailed Review of Land Mobile Satellite Channel Models 82g3A.1 Empirical Models . 82g3A.2 Statistical M
23、odels . 83g3A.2.1 Single-State Narrowband (stationary) Models . 83g3A.2.2 Second order statistics of single-state models 85g3A.2.3 Multi-State Narrowband Models 86g3A.2.4 Wideband Models. 88g3A.2.4.1 Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Channel Models 89g3A.3 Physical and Physical-Statistical Models . 94g3A
24、.3.1 MIMO (multi-satellite and dual-polarized) 95g3Annex B: Detailed Review of Multi-Signal Detection Techniques 96g3B.1 DS-CDMA up-link model and the formulation of the classical Multi-User Detection Problem . 96g3B.1.1 Equivalence with the Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Equalization and Inter-Spotbeam
25、 Interference Suppression Problems 97g3ETSI ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 5B.2 Review of MUD Methods and Algorithms 97g3Annex C: Detailed Review of Diversity Techniques and MIMO . 101g3C.1 Types of Diversity 101g3C.1.1 Frequency Diversity . 101g3C.1.2 Time Diversity 101g3C.1.3 Space diversity . 1
26、02g3C.1.4 Polarization diversity 102g3C.2 Receive Diversity Combining Techniques . 103g3C.2.1 Switch diversity/Selection Diversity 103g3C.2.2 Maximal Ratio and Equal Gain Combining . 103g3C.2.3 Space-Time Coding 103g3Annex D: Review of Optimal Combining and Direction of Arrival Algorithms for Beamfo
27、rming . 105g3D.1 Optimal Combining Algorithms . 105g3D.2 Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation 106g3Annex E: Detailed Review of State-of-the-Art Error Correcting Codes 108g3E.1 Turbo Codes . 108g3E.2 LDPC Codes . 110g3E.2.1 Optimal Maximum Likelihood Decoding 111g3E.2.2 Bit-Flipping Algorithms . 111
28、g3E.2.3 The Belief Propagation Algorithm 111g3Annex F: Review of Upper-Layer FEC Codes and Upper-Layer Interleaving . 114g3F.1 Characteristics of Small and Large FEC Codes . 114g3F.2 Common FEC Codes 115g3F.2.1 Reed Solomon (RS) 115g3F.2.2 Low Density Generator Matrix (LDGM) . 116g3F.2.3 Raptor Code
29、s 118g3F.2.4 Other FEC Codes . 118g3F.3 Interleaving . 119g3F.3.1 Block Interleaving 119g3F.3.2 Convolutional Interleaving . 120g3F.3.3 Random Interleaving 120g3Annex G: Review of Mobile WiMAX . 121g3G.1 Physical Layer Aspects 121g3G.1.1 Scalable OFDMA 121g3G.1.2 TDD Frame Structure . 122g3G.1.3 Adv
30、anced Physical Layer Features 123g3G.1.4 MIMO Techniques . 124g3G.2 MAC Layer 126g3G.2.1 Quality of Service (QoS) Support 126g3G.2.2 MAC Scheduling Service . 127g3G.3 Mobility Management 128g3G.3.1 Power Saving Features . 128g3G.3.2 Handoff 128g3G.4 Security. 129g3G.5 Multicast and Broadcast Service
31、 (MBS) 129g3G.6 End-to-End WiMAX Architecture . 130g3G.6.1 Support for Services and Applications . 131g3ETSI ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 6G.6.2 Interworking and Roaming . 131g3G.6.3 Network-Level Mobility Handover 133g3Annex H: Review of UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) 134g3H.1 LTE System Archit
32、ecture . 134g3H.2 Protocol Architecture . 136g3H.3 Mobility Management 139g3H.4 Evolved MBMS 140g3H.5 Physical Layer of LTE UMTS . 141g3H.5.1 Downlink 142g3H.5.2 Uplink . 145g3Annex I: Detailed Analysis of LTE and WiMAX air interfaces over satellite links . 148g3I.1 Application Scenarios. 148g3I.1.1
33、 Considered OFDM Numerology 148g3I.1.2 Reference signals patterns 148g3I.1.3 Broadcasting scenario - Physical Layer Configuration 149g3I.1.3.1 End-to-end simulation cases . 150g3I.1.4 Two-Way communications - Physical Layer Configuration 152g3I.1.4.1 Forward Link 152g3I.1.4.2 Reverse Link . 153g3I.1
34、.5 Simulation Block Diagrams . 155g3I.1.5.1 LTE FL and RL 155g3I.1.5.2 WiMAX FL and RL 156g3I.1.5.2.1 Ideal estimation . 156g3I.1.6 PHY Time series generation for UL Simulator 156g3I.2 PHY Techniques: Enablers . 159g3I.2.1 Inter-TTI interleaving through Forced Retransmission 159g3I.2.2 PAPR Reductio
35、n 160g3I.2.2.1 Active Constellation Extension (ACE) . 161g3I.2.2.2 Projection Onto Convex Set (POCS) 161g3I.2.3 Random Access Signal Detection. 162g3I.2.3.1 Up link: time and frequency structure. 162g3I.2.3.1.1 Preamble sequence definition and generation . 162g3I.2.3.1.2 Sequence allocation for Sate
36、llite Scenario 163g3I.3 PHY results 163g3I.3.1 Broadcasting - PHY Results . 163g3I.3.1.1 Broadcast Scenario - Ideal Channel 164g3I.3.1.2 Broadcast scenario - Ideal Estimation . 166g3I.3.1.3 Broadcast Scenario - Extended configurations . 168g3I.3.1.3.1 Different IBO . 168g3I.3.1.3.2 Inter-TTI interle
37、aving 168g3I.3.1.3.3 PAPR Reduction . 170g3I.3.2 Two-Way Communications FL - PHY Results 175g3I.3.2.1 Two-Way communications FL - Ideal Channel 175g3I.3.2.2 Two-Way communications FL - Ideal Estimation 176g3I.3.2.3 Two-Way communications FL - Extended configurations . 177g3I.3.2.3.1 MIMO TD and SM .
38、 177g3I.3.3 Two-Way Communications RL - PHY Results 178g3I.3.3.1 Two-Way communications RL - Ideal Channel . 178g3I.3.3.2 Two-Way communications RL - Ideal Estimation . 180g3I.4 Upper Layer FEC study 181g3I.4.1 Description of the considered UL-FEC Technique 181g3I.4.1.1 Transmitter Side 183g3I.4.1.1
39、.1 Packet Integrity check . 184g3I.4.1.2 Receiver Side 184g3ETSI ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 7I.4.2 UL-FEC Performance in BEC and urban SFN . 186g3I.4.2.1 Analytical assessment over the Binary Erasure Channel (BEC) . 186g3I.4.2.2 Maximum Tolerable Burst Length computation . 187g3I.4.2.3 Splitti
40、ng the redundancy between UL and PHY . 188g3I.4.2.4 Comparison with inter TTI interleaving . 191g3I.4.3 UL-FEC Performance assessment in LMS propagation . 193g3I.5 PHY and UL FEC Study - Conclusions and Recommendations 194g3I.6 Resource Allocation in Time Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs no
41、tified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
42、can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth Stations
43、and Systems (SES). Introduction The analysis contained in this Technical Report is intended to assist ETSI in defining future standardisation activities; specifically standardisation for the medium-term evolution of current SatCom “2G“ and “3G“ standards, and for the long-term definition of future “
44、4G“ SatCom standards. The material presented in this Technical Report represents the efforts of many research facilities which include ETRI, University of Surrey, University of Bologna, ESA and CNES. ETSI ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03) 101 Scope The present document addresses the role of satellite
45、 communications as terrestrial communication systems begin to evolve towards beyond 3G and 4G architectures. The present document identifies the possible roles of satellites in beyond 3G and 4G networks and how to make the best use of innovative technologies in order to achieve these roles. The pres
46、ent document makes a contribution in these directions, by identifying possible future system architectures and roles for satellites in this evolving context. It reviews and analyzes some of the latest communication technologies that would enable satellite systems to realize cost-effectively these ar
47、chitectures and claim these roles. 2 References References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a
48、 part thereof and only in the following cases: - if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the purposes of the referring document; - for informative references. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected
49、 location might be found at http:/docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. 2.1 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not
