1、 Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 1 of 81. SCOPEThis Standard describes the minimum construction requirements for the common types ofportable wood ladders used in the Company for the per
2、formance of maintenancefunctions.Aluminum or other portable metal ladders are not covered by this Standard and are notapproved for use in Company plants. The Plant Engineering Office, ManufacturingStaff, and the Corporate Safety Manager, Personnel and Organization Staff, willreview requests to purch
3、ase nonstandard ladders.2. DEFINITIONS2.1 Portable Ladder shall mean a ladder such as a single, extension, or step, whichmay be carried to and used at various locations.2.2 A Single Ladder (sometimes called a straight ladder) is a nonself-supportingportable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consistin
4、g of one section. Its sizeis designated by the overall length of the side rail.2.3 An Extension Ladder is a nonself-supporting portable ladder and is adjustablein length. It consists of two sections traveling in guide irons so arranged topermit length adjustment. Its size is designated by the sum of
5、 the length ofthe two sections measured along the side rails.2.4 A Stepladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length,having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size is designated by the overalllength of the ladder measured along the front edge of the side rails.2.5 A Platform La
6、dder is similar to a stepladder but includes a working platform.The platform is built into the ladder not less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from thetop and designed to support a person. The ladder size is designated by theoverall length of the side rail.2.6 A Trestle Ladder (sometimes called an “A” ladder)
7、is a self-supporting portableladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two sections hinged at the topto form equal angles with the base. The size is designated by the length ofthe side rails measured along the front edge.3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS3.1 Unless otherwise specified, construction shall
8、conform to the current AmericanNational Standards Safety Code for Portable Wood Ladders, A14.l-1982, and laterrevisions as they appear. All requirements of the State to which the ladder isdelivered shall be complied with, in addition to the requirements set forth inthis Standard.Manufacturing Standa
9、rdsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 2 of 83.2 Standard wood screws or spiral drive screws shall not be used in ladderscovered by these standards. All parts and fittings shall be securely attachedby means of ri
10、vets or bolts. If bolts are used, the threaded end shall bedeformed after the nuts are tightened in order to prevent loosening and topermit tightening.3.3 All tie rods and truss rods shall have one threaded end and shall be fastenedin a manner that will prevent loosening and permit tightening.3.4 Al
11、l metal parts and fittings shall be free from flaws, cracks, brittleness andsharp edges or projections and shall receive a minimum .00015 in. (0.013 m)zinc plus clear chromate coating.3.5 Truss wires paralleling the side rails of single and extension ladders are notpermitted.3.6 All holes for rungs
12、in side rail shall be bored in accordance with paragraph6.3.1.3 of ANSI A14.l-1982.3.7 Shoulders on tenons for ladder rungs shall be square, not tapered. All rungsshall be prevented from turning by a nail or 2-1/4 in. (5.7 cm) long, 15 gageglue coated staple through the side rail and through the ten
13、on.3.8 All rungs shall be constructed of wood listed in Group A of Table 1 and shallmeet the minimum dimensions specified in paragraph 6.3.1.4 of the current ANSIStandard A14.l.3.9 Each bottom section of extension ladders shall have three pairs of rung braces,one pair beneath each end rung and one p
14、air at nearest center rung.3.10 The upper section of extension ladders shall have either knee or angle bracesproperly riveted to the same dimensions as indicated in paragraph 3.9.3.11 Each single ladder shall not exceed 22 feet (6.71 m) in length and shall havethree pairs of rung braces, one pair be
15、neath each end rung and one pair atnearest center rung.3.12 Single and extension ladders shall be furnished complete with ladder shoessecurely attached to the ladder rails. (See illustration and requirements onpage 9.)4.0 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL4.1 The side rails for single, extension and trestle ladd
16、ers shall be Douglas Fir,or West Coast Hemlock or Southern Yellow Pine.4.2 The side rails for step and platform ladders shall be Douglas Fir, West CoastHemlock or Southern Yellow Pine.4.3 All rungs shall be second growth White Hickory, White Oak or Ash.4.4 All steps shall be Douglas Fir, West Coast
17、Hemlock or Southern Yellow Pine.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 3 of 85.0 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS5.1 Single LaddersSingle ladders may be either the tapered type or straight with spread bo
18、ttom.Ladders 14 feet (4.27 m) or less in length may be straight without spread ortaper bottom.The classification of single ladders shall be:5.1.1 Heavy Duty Single LadderThe minimum side rail dimension shall be 1-3/8 in. x 3 in. (3.5 cm x7.62 cm) for Westcoast Hemlock and 1-5/16 in. x 3 in. (3.33 cm
19、 x 7.62cm) from Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine.Code Number SizeHDS-1O 10 ft. (3.05 m)HDS-12 12 ft. (3.66 m)HDS-14 14 ft. (4.27 m)HDS-16 16 ft. (4.88 m)HDS-18 18 ft. (5.49 m)HDS-2O 20 ft. (6.10 m)HDS-22 22 ft. (6.71 m)5.1.2 Rungs shall be trussed with 3/16 in. (0.48 cm) diameter rods.5.2 Extensi
20、on LaddersOnly two-section extension ladders are approved.A minimum overlap of 3 ft. (0.91 m) between sections is required on ladders upto and including 32 ft. (9.75 m). A four-foot (1.22 m) overlap is required onladders longer than 32 ft. (9.75 m) up to and including 36 ft. (10.97 m). Afive-foot (1
21、.52 m) overlap is required on ladders over 36 ft. (10.97 m).Extension ladders shall be furnished with spread bottoms, except that extensionladders of 24 ft. (7.32 m) and less may be supplied with straight bottoms.Four guide irons made of steel shall be so constructed and mounted at the upperend of t
22、he bottom section to make the extension ladder equal in strength,throughout its useful life, to a ladder constructed of continuous side rails.Position of guide irons and/or other devices must assure proper minimum lap ofladder.A nonseparating device shall be provided on extension ladders so as to ma
23、ke itdifficult to remove the top section.The bottom of the upper section shall be provided with two spring typeautomatic locks.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 4 of 8Rope and pulley atta
24、chment is optional and will only be furnished whenspecifically ordered.The classification of extension ladders shall be:5.2.1 Heavy Duty Extension LadderThe minimum side rail dimension shall be 1-3/8 in. x 3 in. (3.5 cm x7.62 cm) on ladders up to 32 feet (9.75 m) and 1-3/8 in. x 3-1/4 in.(3.5 cm x 8
25、.25 cm) on ladders 36 ft. (10.97 m) and 40 ft. (12.19 m)long made from West Coast Hemlock and 1-1/4 in. x 3 in. (3.18 cm x7.62 cm) on ladders up to 32 ft. (9.75 m) and 1-3/8 in. x 3-1/4 in.(3.5 cm x 8.26 cm) on ladders 36 ft. (10.97 m) and 40 ft. (12.19 m)long made from Douglas Fir or Southern Yello
26、w Pine.Code Number SizeHDE-20 20 ft. ( 6.10 m)HDE-24 24 ft. ( 7.32 m)HDE-28 28 ft. ( 8.53 m)HDE-32 32 ft. ( 9.75 m)HDE-36 36 ft. (10.97 m)HDE-40 40 ft. (12.19 m)5.2.2 Rungs shall be trussed with 3/16 in. (0.48 cm) diameter rods.5.3 Stepladders5.3.1 There shall be one weight of approved stepladders -
27、 Heavy Duty ANSI TypeIA meeting the following specifications:_Minimum Dimensions for Type IA Stepladders_Length Length Length12 ft. (3.66.) 14 ft. (4.27m) 18 ft. (5.49 m)_and less and 16 ft. (4.88 m) and 20ft. (6.10 m)Thickness Depth Thickness Depth Thickness DepthInches Inches Inches Inches Inches
28、InchesLadder Part (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)Type-IA StepladdersSide Rails 1 3-1/4 1 3-1/2 1-1/16 3-1/2(2.54) (8.25) (2.54) (8.89) (2.70) (8.89)Back Legs 1-1/16 2-1/4 1-1/16 2-3/8 1-3/8 2-3/8(2.70) (5.72) (2.70) (6.03) (3.49) (6.03)Steps 3/4 3-3/4 3/4 4-1/4 3/4 4-1/4(1.91) (9.53) (1.91) (10.80) (1
29、.91) (10.80)Top Cap 3/4 5-1/2 3/4 5-1/2 3/4 5-1/2(1.91 (13.97) (1.91) (13.97) (1.91) (13.97)Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 5 of 85.3.2 Construction DetailsSteps on front rail, rungs on
30、 rear rails.All rungs longer than 28 in. (71.12 cm) measured inside to inside ofback legs shall be provided with a bracing of not less than 3/4 in. x 2in (1.91 cm x 5.08 cm).All steps shall be mortised, trussed with 3/16 in. (0.48 cm) minimum diameterrods, and bridged. Steps shall not project forwar
31、d of side rail more than 1/2in (1.27 cm). Bridging shall be centered under step.Each fourth rung and step and the top and bottom rungs and steps shall be kneeor angle braced.The base ends of the side rails shall be beveled for even footing contact whenopen and the outer edge of the back end of each
32、of the four side rails shall bebeveled to prevent splitting.The design and installation of the ladder hinge shall be such as to assure fullstrength of the rails.Code Number SizeHDSL-4 4 ft. (1.22 m)HDSL-5 5 ft. (1.52 m)HDSL-6 6 ft. (1.83 m)HDSL-8 8 ft. (2.44 m)HDSL-10 10 ft. 3.05 m)HDSL-12 12 ft. (3
33、.66 m)HDSL-14 14 ft. (4.27 m)5.4 Platform LadderThere shall be one weight of approved platform ladders - Heavy Duty ANSI TypeIA._Minimum Dimensions for Type IA Stepladders_Length Length Length12 ft. (3.66 m) 14 ft. ( 4.27 m) 18 ft. (5.49 m)_and less_ and 16 ft. (4.88 m) and 20 ft. (6.10 m)Thickness
34、Depth Thickness Depth Thickness DepthInches Inches Inches Inches Inches InchesLadder Part (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)Type-IA StepladdersSide Rails 1 3-1/4 1 3-1/2 1-1/16 3-1/2(2.54) (8.25) (2.54) (8.89) (2.70) (8.89)Back Legs 1-1/16 2-1/4 1-1/16 2-3/8 1-3/8 2-3/8(2.70) (5.72) (2.70) (6.03) (3.49)
35、(6.03)Steps 3/4 3-3/4 3/4 4-1/4 3/4 4-1/4(1.91) (9.53) (1.91) (10.80) (1.91) (10.80)Top Cap 3/4 5-1/2 3/4 5-1/2 3/4 5-1/2(1.91 (13.97) (1.91) (13.97) (1.91) (13.97)Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (
36、ESSE) Page 6 of 8Minimum platform dimension shall be 15 in. x 15 in. (38.1 cm x 38.1 cm) forall sizes.Construction requirements for the heavy duty stepladder apply to the platformstepladder.Code Number SizePL-5 5 ft. (1.52 m)PL-6 6 ft. (1.83 m)PL-7 7 ft. (2.13 m)PL-8 8 ft. (2.44 m)PL-10 10 ft. (3.05
37、 m)PL-12 12 ft. (3.66 m)PL-14 14 ft. (4.27 m)PL-16 L6 ft. (4.88 m)PL-18 18 ft. (5.49 m)5.5 Trestle LaddersThe tops of the side rails of trestle ladders shall be cut on bevels to give asolid bearing when in use.Hinges shall be of a design and so installed as to insure full strength of theside rails.T
38、he base ends of the side rails shall be beveled for even footing contact whenopen and the outer edge of the base end of each of the four side rails shall bebeveled to prevent splitting.The regular trestle ladder shall have rungs at similar height on each side.(Alternate spacing of rungs on opposite
39、side may be obtained by specialrequest.)Truss rods shall be on the top rung and the angle braces shall be on the bottomrung and every fourth rung on each side.Minimum side rail dimensions to be 1-3/8 in. x 2-3/4 in (3.5 cm x6.99 cm).Code Number SizeTL-6 6 ft. (1.83 m)TL-8 8 ft. (2.44 m)TL-10 10 ft.
40、(3.05 m)TL-l2 12 ft. (3.66 m)6. MARKINGSAll of the markings specified in Section 9 of ANSI A14.l-1982 shall be applied to allladders as they apply to Primary Hazard “Danger” and “Caution”, Safety UseInstruction Markings and Product Data Information Markings. All markings shall beapplied as specified
41、 in ANSI Standard Al4.1.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 7 of 87. CONDITIONSLadders received shall be subject to inspection for conformance to the requirementsin this Standard. The rungs
42、 of all ladders shall be carefully inspected toascertain that the ends are not split. Ladders with 25% or more split rungs endsshall be rejected. The rungs of all ladders shall be tapped lightly with a woodenmallet to determine that they resonate audibly and indicate soundness.8. APPROVAL OF NEW MAN
43、UFACTURERSLadders submitted by new manufacturers must have shop trial approvals.Recommendations for the addition of new manufacturers to the Manufacturing ApprovedSource List (ASL) must be made in writing to the responsible Manufacturing StaffOffice by the appropriate divisional standards activity.T
44、he Plant Engineering Office Manufacturing Staff, and the Corporate Safety Manager,Personnel and Organization Staff, will review requests for approval.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198405 LADDERS SL1Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 8 o
45、f 89. SUPPLIERS RESPONSIBILITYAll materials supplied to this standard must be equivalent in all characteristics tothe material upon which approval was originally granted and shall be suitable for theintended application. Changes in composition shall not be made without approval ofPlant Engineering O
46、ffice, Manufacturing Staff, and the Corporate Safety Manager,Personnel and Organization Staff.SAFETY SHOES FOR LADDERSAll single and extension ladders shall be furnished with ladder safety shoes securelyattached to the ladder rails.Each safety shoe shall consist of a base and side plate. The plates
47、shall be 1/8 in.(0.32 cm) thick, 1-7/8 in. (4.26 cm) wide, and 7-7/8 in. (20.0 cm) long of SAE1020 steeland shall be cadmium plated a minimum of .0005 in. (0.013 m) thick. Each shoe sideplates shall be bolted through the ladder side rail with a minimum of three 1/4 in. (0.64cm) bolts.The tread shall
48、 be neoprene and shall be a minimum of 1/2 in. (1.27 cm) thick, 1-7/8 in.(4.76 cm) wide and 5 in. (12.7 cm) long, and attached to the base plates with a minimumof six rivets. The bottom of the neoprene tread shall have a minimum of ten suction cups1/4 in. (0.64 cm) thick.The base plate shall have five serrated points 1/4 in. (0.64 cm) deep on each end andshall be secured with a 5/16 in. (0.79 cm) bolt minimum in such a manner as to allow afree pivot on the ladder side rail.Dimensions not specified shall be in accordance to manufacturers best practices.
