1、DOC 9640-AW940 MANUAL OF AIRCRAFT GROUND DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING OPERATIONS SECOND EDITION - 2000 Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPubl
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13、A.E.N.A. - Aeropuertos Espaiioles y Navegaci6n Abrea, Calle Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 14, , Catalogue of ICA0 Publications and Audio-visual Training Aids Issued annually, the Catalogue lists all publications and audio-visual training aids currently available. Monthly supplements announce new public
14、ations and audio-visual training aids, amendments, supplements, reprints, etc. Available free from the Document Sales Unit, ICA0 COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesManual of Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Operations (DOC 9640-AN/940) SECO
15、ND EDITION - 2000 COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesAMENDMENTS The issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICAO Journal and in the monthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visual Training Aids, which holder
16、s of this publication should consult. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA AMENDMENTS Entered applicable entered CORRIGENDA COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-ICA0 7640-AN/740
17、-ENGL 2001 m 484141b 0127051 047 m Foreword Safe aeroplane operations during all types of weather conditions are of utmost concern to all air carriers, airport authorities, air traffic control, and users of air transport services. A review of the history of aeroplane accidents in the air transportat
18、ion industry revealed that a substantial number are related to winter operations. An examination of these accidents showed a need for formally developed regulations and procedures governing aeroplane de- icinghti-icing operations, directed towards all segments of aviation, including aeroplane manufa
19、cturers, airline oper- ators, and engineering, maintenance and service organiz- ations. This material was intended, in particular, for use by flight crews of all aeroplane types and categories, as well as aeroplane maintenance and service personnel. The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
20、 convened a Global De-icingtAnti-icing Task Force, which met for the first time in Helsinki in September 1992. In October 1993, this Task Force became the IATA Global De- icinglhti-icing Industry Forum. In a cooperative effort between IATA and ICAO, a drafting group was formed to develop a “stand-al
21、one” ground de-icinganti-icing docu- ment, which would be published by ICAO. The meetings, convened throughout the year for the purpose of developing this document, were attended by representatives of civil aviation authorities, airline operators, aeroplane manufac- turers, ground equipment and flui
22、d manufacturers, pilot associations and airport authorities. The result was the publication of the first edition of the Manual of Ainzraj? Ground DdAnti-icing Operations oc 9640) in 1995. This second edition comprises a summary of information essential to the planning and execution of de- icingtanti
23、-icing operations during conditions which are conducive to aeroplane icing on the ground. It contains general information which is intended to increase the basic understanding of aircraft ground de-icinganti-icing oper- ations and to facilitate the development of standardized procedures and guidance
24、 material for the various segments of the aviation industry. It includes the full range of de- icindanti-icing fluids and information on data updating. A general description of the various factors relating to aeroplane icing on the ground is provided, and the mini- mum procedural requirements necess
25、ary to conduct safe and efficient operations during conditions requiring aero- plane de-icinghti-icing activities are addressed. It is the individual operators responsibility, however, to comply with the requirements imposed by aeroplane, equipment and fluid manufacturers, regulatory and environment
26、al authorities, and individual operator programmes. Reference material used to prepare this publication includes documentation from regulatory authorities, airlines, aeroplane manufacturers, equipment and fluid manufacturers, industry, and academic, standardization and professional associations (see
27、 Bibliography for complete listing). Even though no reference is made in this document to any specific instructions or recommendations given by aeroplane, equipment or fluid manufacturers, nevertheless these must also be taken into consideration. (iii) COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation Organiza
28、tionLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-ICA0 7b40-AN/740-ENGL ZOO3 D 484141b 0327052 T85 m Table of Contents Glossary of terms and abbreviations Chapter 1 . Introduction Chapter 2 . The Clean Aircraft Concept Chapter 3 . Aeroplane icing on the ground Chapter 4 . Aeroplane ground de-icindant
29、i-icing fluids . Chapter 5 . Holdover times Chapter 6 . De-icindanti-icing check procedures Chapter 7 . Responsibilities . Chapter 8 . Aerodrome de-icindanti-icing facilities Page 1 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 Chapter 9 . Air traffic control (ATC) winter operations plan . Chapter 10 . De-icinglanti-icing com
30、munications . . Chapter 11 . De-icinganti-icing methods . Chapter 12 . Ice detection and warning systems Chapter 13 . Training of personnel Chapter 14 . Equipment Chapter 15 . Quality assurance programme . Chapter 16 . Updating of holdover time guidelines and de-icinganti-icing procedures Attachment
31、 . Bibliography Page 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 25 31 Previous page is blank . COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesGLOSSARY OF TERMS These terms, as used in this document, have the following meanings: Active frost. A condition when frost is formin
32、g. Active frost occurs when the surface temperature is at or below 0C and at or below the dew point. Anti-icing. Anti-icing is a precautionary procedure by which clean aeroplane surfaces are protected against the formation of ice and frost and the accumulation of snow. and slush for a limited period
33、 of time. Cold-soak eflect. The wings of aeroplanes are said to be “cold-soaked” when they contain very cold fuel as a result of having just landed after a flight at high altitude or from having been refuelled with very cold fuel. Whenever precipitation falls on a cold-soaked aero- plane when on the
34、 ground, clear icing may occur. Even in ambient temperatures between -2C and +15”C. ice or frost can form in the presence of visible moisture or high humidity if the aeroplane structure remains at 0C or below. Clear ice is very difficult to detect visually and may break loose during or after take-of
35、f. The following factors contribute to cold-soaking: tempera- ture and quantity of fuel in fuel cells, type and location of fuel cells, length of time at high altitude, temperature of refuelled fuel and time since refuelling. Critical surfaces.Surfaces of the aeroplane that shall be completely free
36、of ice, snow, slush or frost before take- off. The critical surfaces shall be determined by the aeroplane manufacturer. De-icing. The process which removes ice, snow, slush or frost from aeroplane surfaces. This may be accom- plished by mechanical methods, or by pneumatic methods or through the use
37、of heated fluids. Mechan- ical methods may be preferred under extremely cold conditions or when it has been determined that the frozen contaminant is not adhering to the aeroplane surfaces. When using heated fluids and optimum heat transfer is desired, fluids should be applied at a distance from the
38、 aeroplane surfaces in accordance with the approved operator procedure and fluid manufacturer recommendations. De-icing/anti-icing. A procedure combining both the de- icing process and the anti-icing process and which can be performed in one or two steps: One-step de-icinglanti-icing. This procedure
39、 is canied out with heated anti-icing fluid. The fluid is used to de-ice the aeroplane and remains on the aeroplane surface to provide anti-icing capability. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)Antemational Or- ganization for Standardization (ISO) npe I. II, III and IV fluids can be used, but t
40、he protection provided by npe I fluid is less than that provided by Type II, III and IV fluids. Two-step de-icing/unti-icing. This procedure contains two distinct steps. The first step, de-icing, is followed by the second step, anti-icing, as a separate fluid application. After de-icing, a separate
41、overspray of anti-icing fluid is applied to protect the aeroplanes critical surfaces, thus providing maximum anti-icing protection. Drizzle. Fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops (diameter less than 0.5 mm (0.02 in) very close together. Drizzle appears to float while follow
42、ing air currents although, unlike fog droplets, drizzle falls to the ground. Fog and ground fog. A visible aggregate of minute water particles (droplets) in the air reducing the horizontal visibility at the Earths surface to less than 1 kilometre. Freezing fog. A fog formed of supercooled water drop
43、lets which freeze upon contact with exposed objects and form a coating of rimdclear ice. Freezing rain and freezing drizzle. Rain or drizzle in the form of supercooled water drops which freeze upon impact with any surface. Frost. Referred to as “hoar frost”. A deposit of ice having a crystalline app
44、earance, generally assuming the form of scales, needles or fans. Frost is formed by subli- mation, .e. when water vapour is deposited upon a surface whose temperature is at or below freezing. I Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations Previous page is blank. COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation Organiz
45、ationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-ICA0 9b40-AN/740-ENGL 2001 W 484141b 0127054 858 m 2 Manual of Aircrafr Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Operations High humidity. An atmospheric condition where the relative humidity is close to saturation. Holdover time. Holdover time (HOT) is the estima
46、ted time the anti-icing fluid will prevent the formation of ice and frost and the accumulation of snow on the protected (treated) surfaces of an aeroplane. Precpilalion intensity. Intensity of precipitation is an indication of the amount of precipitation collected per unit time interval. It is expre
47、ssed as light, moderate or heavy. Intensity is defined with respect to the type of precipitation occurring, based either on rate of fall for rain and ice pellets or visibility for snow and drizzle. The rate of fall criterion is based on time and does not accurately describe the intensity at a partic
48、ular time of observation. Rain. Precipitation of liquid water particles, either in the form of drops of more than 0.5 mm in diameter or smaller drops which, in contrast to drizzle, are widely separated. Rime. A deposit of ice, produced by freezing of super- cooled fog or cloud droplets on objects at
49、 temperatures below or slightly above freezing. It is composed of grains separated by air, sometimes adorned with crystalline branches. Sheur force. Shear force is a force applied laterally on an anti-icing fluid. When applied to a Type II, EI or IV fluid, the shear force will reduce the viscosity of the fluid; when the shear force is no longer applied, the anti-icing fluid should recover its viscosity. For instance, shear forces are applied whenever the fluid is pumped, forced through an orifice or when subjected to airflow. If excessive shear force is applied
