1、 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Design, Test, and Evaluation Division Reference Document 012.2 IEST-RD-DTE012.2 Handbok for Dynamic Data Acquisition and Analysis INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY One Arlington Place 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 10 Arling
2、ton Heights, Ilinois 6005-4516 Phone: (847) 981-010 Fax: (847) 981-4130 E-mail: iestiest.org Web: ww.iest.orgIEST-RD-DTE012.2 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Copyrighted material i The second edition of the Handbok for Dynamic Data Acquisition and Analysis is an authorized publica
3、tion of IEST. Portions of this Handbok that have ben reproduced from the first edition are reprinted by permision of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. JPL was not involved in preparation of the second edition and is not liable for the revisions made to the cont
4、ent of the first edition. This Reference Document is published by the INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY to advance the technical and enginering sciences. Its use is entirely voluntary, and determination of its aplicability and suitability for any particular use is solely the respons
5、ibility of the user. This Reference Document was prepared by and is under the jurisdiction of Working Group 012 of the IEST Design, Test, and Evaluation Division. Copyright 206 by the INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY First printing, August 206 ISBN 978-0-9787868-0-9 PROPOSAL FOR IM
6、PROVEMENT: The Working Groups of the INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY are continualy working on improvements to their Recomended Practices and Reference Documents. Sugestions from those who use these documents are welcome. If you have a sugestion regarding this document, please use
7、 the online Proposal for Improvement form found on the IEST website at ww.iest.org/proposal/form.html. INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY One Arlington Place 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 10 Arlington Heights, Ilinois 6005-4516 Phone: (847) 981-010 Fax: (847) 981-4130 E-mail:
8、 iestiest.org Web: ww.iest.org IEST-RD-DTE012.2 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Copyrighted material ii FOREWORD This document is the second edition of the Handbook for Dynamic Data Acquisition and Analysis. Background of the Second Edition This second edition of the Handbook was
9、prepared directly for IEST by Hary Himelblau, Consultant, Los Angeles, CA, and Alan G, Piersol, The Piersol Engineering Company, Woodland Hils, CA. They were strongly asisted through major contributions to the technical material in Chapter 3 by Ronald Merit, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, CA.
10、 Other important contributions were provided by David Banaszak, Wright-Paterson Air Force Base, OH and Strether Smith, DSPCon (West), Cupertino, CA. Additional asis-tance in the form of valuable comments were provided by Skip Connon, US Army Aberdeen Test Center, MD; Abraham Hanor and Zev Sherf, Raf
11、ael, Haifa, Israel; and Karl-Friedrich Ziegahn, CEES, Pfinztal, Germany. The purpose of this second edition is to update the technical material and references to reflect changes since the publication of the first edition. The primary changes are in Section 3 (Data Acquisition), where there have been
12、 substantial improvements in the available instrumentation since the publication of the first edition. A few additions have also been made in Sections 4 (Data Validation and Editing) and 5 (Data Analysis) to cover new procedures. In al sections and the appendices, wording changes have been made to i
13、mprove clarity, and references have been updated and expanded to provide more current information. Background of the First Edition The first edition of this Handbook was prepared by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, for the Space and Misile Systems Center, U.S.
14、 Air Force Materiel Command, through an agrement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Support was also provided by The Aerospace Corporation. The original intent was to publish this document as a Military Handbook. Subsequently, the sponsor decided against disemination in this for
15、m and turned the Handbook over to JPL for publication elsewhere. Since the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST) had long been interested in using the document as a Recommended Practice, the authors considered it appropriate to turn the document over to the IEST for that purpose.
16、 The Air Force has released the copyright to JPL control with the stipulation that the U.S. Government retain an unrestricted license for its use. The authors received substantial asistance in the preparation of the first edition of this Handbook from a number of reviewers. The most important of the
17、se reviewers were as follows: Lary Bement and James Schoenster of NASA Langley Research Center; Robert Bohle of Kistler Instrument Corp.; Anthony Chu of Endevco; Charles Coe of NASA mes Research Center; John Favour and Clark Beck of Boeing Aerospace Corp.; Dennis Foti of Metrum Information Storage;
18、Arnold Galef, George Scott, Charles Wright, and Glenn Wasz of TRW Space and Electronics Group; Gery Kahre, Marc Hoskins, Dan Powers, David Shery, and Paul Spas of McDonnel Douglas Space Systems Co.; Dennis Kern of IEST-RD-DTE012.2 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Copyrighted materi
19、al iv JPL; Ronald Merit of NAWC/China Lake; James Nagy of PRC/Patuxent; Dennis Nelson and David Smalwood of Sandia National Laboratories; Peter Rentz of Syscon Corp.; Karl Siwiecki and James Laly of PCB Piezotronics; Strether Smith and Wiliam Hollowel of Lockheed Research Laboratory; Vladimir Valent
20、ekovich of Wyle Laboratories; Joseph Weatherstone and Wiliam Brennan of Brel and Scott Walton of ACSTA/berdeen. Some reviewers of the first edition read every word of several drafts, while others con-centrated on sections that embodied their areas of expertise. Some furnished ilustrations previously
21、 unknown to the authors, whereas others performed research to resolve controversial technical isues. Of particular value were independent studies of the pyroshock measurement problem performed by Dan Powers of McDonnel Douglas Space Systems Co., with the close support of Richard Chalmers of the Nava
22、l Ocean Systems Center, Howard Gaberson of the Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center, and Anthony Chu of Endevco. The results of those studies contributed substantialy to the discussions and recommendations for the pyroshock data acquisition and analysis procedures presented in Appendix A of
23、the Handbook. Although not identified here, other reviewers made significant though les comprehensive suggestions to the first edition. Al made substantial contribution to the list of references, which is considered the heart of the Handbook. The first edition of the Handbook was published as IEST-R
24、P-DTE012.1. IEST-RD-DTE012.2 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Copyrighted material v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
25、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xi LIST OF SYMBOLS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xx LIST OF ABREVIATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xxi 1 INTRODUCTION - - -
26、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1.1 Historical Background - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Purpose - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
27、 - - - - - - - 1 1.3 Inclusions and Exclusions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1.4 References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT PLANING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
28、- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 2.2 Measurement Numbers, Locations, and Directions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 2.3 Frequency Ranges - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
29、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 2.4 Dynamic Ranges - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 2.5 Measurement Durations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 2.6 Multi-Channel Measurements - -
30、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 2.7 Time Codes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 2.8 Eror Budgets - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 2.
31、8.1 Eror Source Identification and Qualification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 2.8.2 Eror Budget Preparation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 2.8.3 System Eror Calculation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17
32、2.8.4 System Eror Utilization - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 2.9 Instruments and/or Software Selection and Vendor Evaluation - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 2.10 Major Causes of Erors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
33、 - - 21 2.11 References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 3 DATA CQUISITION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
34、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 3.2 Transducers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 3.2.1 Sensing Elements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 3.2.2 Single-Degre-of-Fredom System
35、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 3.2.3 Measurement Parameters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 3.2.4 Environmental Efects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 3.2.5 Physical Properties - - - -
36、- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 3.2.6 Motion Transducers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66 3.2.7 Presure Transducers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85 3.2.8 Strain Gages -
37、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 3.2.9 Force Transducers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94 IEST-RD-DTE012.2 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Copyrighted material vi TABLE OF CONTEN
38、TS (Continued) 3.3 Signal Conditioners - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 3.3.1 Strain Gage Conditioners - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 3.3.2 Amplifiers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
39、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 3.3.3 Filters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 102 3.3.4 Power Supplies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104 3.3.5 Cabling - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
40、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 3.4 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -108 3.4.1 Measurement System Formating for Transmiting and/or Receiving Data - - 108 3.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing - - - -
41、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 3.4.3 Time Division Mutliplexing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -115 3.4.4 Demultiplexers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127 3.5 Communication Links - - - - - -
42、- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 3.5.1 Land Lines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 3.5.2 Radio Frequency Telemetry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -130 3.6 Data Recording
43、, Playback and Storage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132 3.6.1 Data Capacity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133 3.6.2 Frequency Response - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133 3.6.
44、3 Recording Modes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 134 3.6.4 FDM Recording - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 135 3.6.5 TDM Recording - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
45、- - - - - 135 3.6.6 Ancilary Data Recording - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -139 3.6.7 Tape Copying - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 3.6.8 Tape Storage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
46、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 3.6.9 Disk Based Data Recording, Playback and Storage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 142 3.7 Analog-to-Digital Converters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143 3.7.1 Instruments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
47、- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143 3.7.2 Sampling Rate and Aliasing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147 3.7.3 Anti-Aliasing Filters and Erors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 148 3.7.4 Other ADC Erors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
48、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150 3.7.5 Multi-Channel Digital Conversion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 151 3.7.6 Digital-to-Analog Converters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -152 3.8 System Calibration - - - - - - - - - - -
49、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152 3.8.1 Laboratory Calibration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152 3.8.2 End-to-End Electrical Calibration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 155 3.8.3 End-to-End Mechanical Calibration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -160 3.8.4 Linearity Calibrations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164 3.9 System Gain Setings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
