1、 IAMSARINTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE MANUALVOLUME IIMISSION CO-ORDINATION2010 EDITIONincorporating amendments through 2009IMO/ICAOLondon/Montreal, 2010MANUALPublished jointly in 2010 by theINTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, United King
2、domwww.imo.organd theINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7Fifth edition 2010Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Books Limited, Reading RG1 8EXISBN 978-92-801-1516-1IMO PUBLICATIONIMO sales number: ID961ECopyright # IMO/ICAO 2010All rights r
3、eserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any formor by any means, without prior permission in writingfrom the International Maritime Organization orthe International Civil Aviation Organization.ContentsForeword viiAbbreviations and Acronyms
4、 ixGlossary . xvChapter 1 The Search and Rescue System1.1 System Organization 1-11.2 SAR Co-ordination. 1-11.3 SAR Resources 1-41.4 Medical Assistance to Vessels 1-51.5 Plans of Operation 1-61.6 SAR Operations Stages 1-61.7 Mission Documentation. 1-81.8 Training and Exercises 1-91.9 Improving Profes
5、sionalism 1-131.10 Public Relations. 1-131.11 Computer Resources . 1-161.12 Decision and Management Support . 1-17Chapter 2 Communications2.1 Distress Communications. 2-12.2 Aeronautical Mobile Service. 2-12.3 Maritime Radio Service 2-32.4 Modes of Emission 2-32.5 Global Maritime Distress and Safety
6、 System. 2-32.6 EPIRBs and ELTs 2-52.7 Satellite Communications. 2-62.8 VesselAircraft Communications 2-72.9 Survival and Emergency Radio Equipment 2-82.10 Cellular Telephones . 2-82.11 Special Circumstances . 2-102.12 Communications for SAR Operations. 2-102.13 Communication Equipment Identities .
7、2-102.14 False Alerts 2-112.15 SAR Data Providers . 2-112.16 RCC and RSC Communications . 2-112.17 Maritime Radio Telex. 2-122.18 Inmarsat SafetyNET 2-132.19 Radio Telegraph 2-13iii2.20 Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code. 2-142.21 Spoken Emergency Signals and Procedural Words 2-142.22 On-scene Commun
8、ications 2-142.23 Electronic Positioning. 2-152.24 Codes, Signals, and Standard Phrases. 2-152.25 First RCC. 2-162.26 SAR Operations Communications 2-162.27 SAR Operations Messages . 2-172.28 GMDSS Master Plan 2-202.29 Supplemental Capabilities 2-202.30 Difficulties in Contacting Vessels 2-212.31 Un
9、barring of Inmarsat SESs by RCCs 2-212.32 Radio call signs for aircraft involved in a search and rescue operation. 2-22Chapter 3 Awareness and Initial Action3.1 General. 3-13.2 SAR Stages 3-13.3 Emergency Phases. 3-23.4 Awareness Stage . 3-33.5 Initial Action Stage. 3-53.6 Designation of the RCC or
10、RSC Responsible for Initiating SAR Action . 3-83.7 RCC Procedures for Requesting SAR Facilities 3-103.8 General Considerations for the SMC 3-11Chapter 4 Search Planning and Evaluation Concepts4.1 Overview 4-14.2 Evaluating the Situation 4-14.3 Estimating the Distress Incident Location 4-34.4 Survivo
11、r Motion After the Distress Incident. 4-64.5 Total Probable Error of Position 4-104.6 Search Planning and Evaluation Factors 4-114.7 Optimal Search Effort Allocation 4-214.8 Computer-based Search Planning Aids 4-35Chapter 5 Search Techniques and Operations5.1 Overview 5-15.2 Selection of Search Faci
12、lities 5-15.3 Assessing Search Conditions 5-15.4 Selecting Search Patterns. 5-45.5 Visual Search Patterns 5-65.6 Electronic Search Patterns 5-14ivContents5.7 Night Search Patterns 5-175.8 Land Search Patterns . 5-205.9 Search Object Motion . 5-215.10 Assignment of Search Sub-Areas to Individual Faci
13、lities . 5-245.11 Designation and Description of Search Sub-Areas. 5-275.12 Planning On-Scene Co-ordination. 5-295.13 Search Action Plans. 5-305.14 Conduct of the Search. 5-315.15 Briefings 5-315.16 Aircraft Search Procedures. 5-325.17 Surface Facility Search Procedures . 5-335.18 Search by Land Fac
14、ilities 5-335.19 Debriefing of Search Personnel 5-335.20 Continuation of Search 5-33Chapter 6 Rescue Planning and Operations6.1 General. 6-16.2 Sighting and Subsequent Procedures 6-26.3 Delivery of Rescue Personnel and Equipment. 6-26.4 Supplies and Survival Equipment 6-36.5 Supply Dropping . 6-46.6
15、 Medical Personnel. 6-56.7 Rescue by Aircraft . 6-56.8 Rescue by Maritime Facilities . 6-66.9 Rescue by Land Facilities . 6-76.10 Use of Pararescue Teams. 6-76.11 Special Requirements at Aircraft Crash Sites . 6-86.12 Ditching Assistance 6-86.13 Rescue of Persons from Inside Damaged, Capsized, or Di
16、tched Craft 6-96.14 Underwater Search and Rescue . 6-136.15 Mass Rescue Operations . 6-146.16 Care of Survivors. 6-216.17 Debriefing of Survivors. 6-226.18 Handling of Deceased Persons. 6-226.19 Critical Incident Stress 6-236.20 Termination of Rescue. 6-24Chapter 7 Emergency Assistance other than Se
17、arch and Rescue7.1 General. 7-17.2 Intercept and Escort Services 7-1vContents7.3 Safety Information . 7-37.4 Unlawful Acts 7-37.5 Search and Rescue Outside of RCC Responsible Areas. 7-37.6 Assistance to Property . 7-37.7 Aerodrome Emergency Plan. 7-4Chapter 8 Conclusion of SAR Operations8.1 General.
18、 8-18.2 Closing a SAR Case. 8-18.3 Suspending Search Operations. 8-18.4 Reopening a Suspended Case 8-28.5 Final Reports . 8-38.6 Performance Improvement. 8-38.7 Case Studies 8-38.8 Archiving Case Files. 8-48.9 Incident Debriefings. 8-4AppendicesAppendix A Distress CommunicationsAppendix B Message Fo
19、rmatsAppendix C Mass Rescue Operations: Exercises; Industry Roles and Incident ManagementAppendix D Uncertainty Phase DataAppendix E Alert Phase DataAppendix F Distress Phase ChecklistAppendix G Facilities and Equipment SelectionAppendix H Operation Briefing and Tasking FormsAppendix I SITREPs and C
20、odesAppendix J InterceptsAppendix K Determining DatumAppendix L Search Planning and Evaluation WorksheetsAppendix M Preparing Initial Probability MapsAppendix N Tables and GraphsAppendix O Ship Reporting Systems for SARAppendix P Functional Characteristics to Consider with Computer-based Search Plan
21、ning AidsAppendix Q Sample ProblemAppendix R Medical Assistance at Sea, TMAS TMAS Medical Information Exchange FormIndexviContents2008 amendment: highlighted text applies as from 1 June 2009ForewordThe primary purpose of the three volumes of the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Res
22、cue Manual isto assist States in meeting their own search and rescue (SAR) needs, and the obligations they accepted under theConvention on International Civil Aviation, the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, and theInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
23、These volumes provide guidelines for a common aviationand maritime approach to organizing and providing SAR services. States are encouraged to develop and improve theirSAR services, co-operate with neighbouring States, and to consider their SAR services to be part of a global SAR system.Each IAMSAR
24、Manual volume is written with specific SAR system duties in mind, and can be used as a stand-alonedocument, or, in conjunction with the other two volumes, as a means to attain a full view of the SAR system.The Organization and Management volume (volume I) discusses the global SAR system concept, est
25、ablishment andimprovement of national and regional SAR systems, and co-operation with neighbouring States to provide effectiveand economical SAR services;The Mission Co-ordination volume (volume II) assists personnel who plan and co-ordinate SAR operations andexercises; andThe Mobile Facilities volu
26、me (volume III) is intended to be carried aboard rescue units, aircraft, and vessels to helpwith performance of a search, rescue, or on-scene co-ordinator functions, and with aspects of SAR that pertain totheir own emergencies.Mission Co-ordinationChapter 1 presents an overview of the SAR system con
27、cept, including what is involved in providing SAR services,and why such services are required and beneficial. The SAR system is examined from a global, regional, and nationalperspective. Key components of the SAR system, such as rescue co-ordination centres (RCCs), operational andsupport facilities
28、and the on-scene co-ordinator (OSC), are discussed.Chapter 2 focuses primarily on SAR communications topics. These include distress communications, emergencybeacons, communications for SAR operations and a variety of communications and safety systems related to or usedby the SAR system.Chapter 3 int
29、roduces the five stages through which responses to SAR incidents typically progress, describes the threeemergency phases (Uncertainty, Alert, and Distress) and the first two stages (Awareness and Initial Action) in detail,and provides additional valuable guidance for the early stages of a SAR incide
30、nt.Chapter 4 contains a detailed discussion of the theory and practice of search planning. It presents a complete yetpractical application of search theory to the SAR search planning problem. It provides guidance for balancing theconflicting goals of covering large areas with limited facilities or u
31、sing those facilities to achieve high probabilities ofdetection in small areas. The procedures outlined allow the search planner to determine the optimal area to searchso that the chances of success are maximized.Chapter 5 discusses search techniques and operations, including search facility selecti
32、on, assessment of searchconditions, search pattern selection for visual, electronic, night and land searches, search sub-area assignments,standard methods for designating and describing search sub-areas, planning of on-scene co-ordination, and finallycompiling all this data into an attainable search
33、 action plan.Chapter 6 describes aspects of rescue planning and operations such as logistics, modes of rescue, care anddebriefing of survivors, handling of deceased persons, and certain special requirements involving aircraft crash sites.Chapter 7 contains guidance for emergency assistance other tha
34、n SAR in which the SAR system may becomeinvolved.Chapter 8 discusses the orderly conclusion of SAR operations. The topics covered include closing of SAR cases,suspending search operations, reopening a suspended SAR case, completing final reports, conducting performanceimprovement reviews and case st
35、udies, and archiving SAR case files.viiAn extensive set of appendices is provided. These contain useful information, forms, checklists, step-by-stepprocedures, worksheets, and tables and graphs appropriate for daily use by RCC staff.This Manual is published jointly by the International Civil Aviatio
36、n Organization and the International MaritimeOrganization. It has been updated from earlier editions by including the amendments that were adopted by theseventy-fourth session of the IMO Maritime Safety Committee in June 2001 (which entered into force on1 July 2002), by the seventy-fifth session in
37、May 2002 (which entered into force on 1 July 2003), by the seventy-seventh session in June 2003 (which entered into force on 1 July 2004), by the seventy-eighth session in May 2004(which entered into force on 1 July 2005), by the eightieth session in May 2005 (which entered into force on 1 June2006)
38、, by the eighty-first session in May 2006 (which entered into force on 1 June 2007) and by the eighty-thirdsession in October 2007 (which entered into force on 1 June 2008).This new edition includes the 2008 amendments (adopted by ICAO and by the IMO Committee at its eighty-fifthsession in December
39、2008 that entered into force on 1 June 2009) and the 2009 amendments (adopted by ICAOand the IMO Committee at its eighty-sixth session in June 2009 that became applicable on 1 June 2010). Theamendments were prepared by the ICAO/IMO Joint Working Group on Harmonization of Aeronautical andMaritime Sea
40、rch and Rescue at its fourteenth session, in September 2007, and fifteenth session, in September 2008,respectively, and were endorsed by the IMO Sub-Committee on Radiocommunications and Search and Rescue(COMSAR) at its twelfth session, in April 2008, and thirteenth session, in January 2009, respecti
41、vely.viiiForewordAbbreviations and AcronymsA search areaA/C . aircraftACC .area control centreACOaircraft co-ordinatorAES aeronautical earth stationAFN aeronautical fixed networkAFTNaeronautical fixed telecommunications networkAIP .Aeronautical Information PublicationAIS aeronautical information ser
42、vicesAM .amplitude modulationAMS.aeronautical mobile serviceAMS(R)S. aeronautical mobile satellite (route) serviceAMSS aeronautical mobile satellite serviceAmverautomated mutual-assistance vessel rescueANC.Air Navigation CommissionARCC . aeronautical rescue co-ordination centreARSC.aeronautical resc
43、ue sub-centreASW average surface windASWeaverage surface wind errorASWDVedrift velocity error due to ASWeATC .air traffic controlATN .aeronautical telecommunications networkATS air traffic servicesC coverage factorC/C .cabin cruiserCES coast earth stationCIRM Centro Internazionale Radio-MedicoCospas
44、.Space System for Search of Vessels in DistressCRS coast radio stationC/S call signCS creeping line searchCSC .creeping line search, co-ordinatedCSP . commence search pointCW continuous waveD total driftDetotal drift errorDD (leeway) divergence distanceixDF . direction findingDMB .datum marker buoyD
45、MEdistance-measuring equipmentDRU.desert rescue unitDSC digital selective callingDVe.total drift velocity errorE . total probable error of positionEGC enhanced group callingELR .extra-long-range aircraftELT .emergency locator transmitterENID enhanced identityEPIRB emergency position-indicating radio
46、 beaconETA . estimated time of arrivalETD estimated time of departureF/V fishing vesselFIC flight information centreFIR flight information regionFLARforward-looking airborne radarFLIR forward-looking infraredFM .frequency modulationfsoptimal search factorfv.search facility velocity correction factor
47、fwweather correction factorfZeffort factorGES .ground earth stationGHz gigahertzGLONASS.Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite SystemGMDSS Global Maritime Distress Safety SystemGNSSglobal navigation satellite systemGPS global positioning systemGS .ground speedgt .gross tonnageHEL-H.heavy helicopterHEL
48、-L light helicopterHEL-M medium helicopterHF . high frequencyHQ headquartersI/B inboardICAO.International Civil Aviation OrganizationxAbbreviations and AcronymsICS incident command systemIFR . instrument flight rulesILS .instrument landing systemIMC instrument meteorological conditionsIMOInternation
49、al Maritime OrganizationIMSO International Mobile Satellite OrganizationInmarsat.satellite communication service provider for the GMDSSINS inertial navigation systemINTERCO. International Code of SignalsIP .initial positionITU International Telecommunication UnionJRCC joint (aeronautical and maritime) rescue co-ordination centreJRSCjoint rescue sub-centrekHz .kilohertzkm kilometreskt . knot (nautical miles per hour)l search sub-area lengthL lengthLbdatum base lineLCB line of constant bearingLES land earth station
