1、 Model Course 1.22 Ship Simulator and Bridge Teamwork 2002 Edition IMO Model course developed under the IMO - Norwegian programme First published in 1991 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR Revised edition 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom by Intype Libra
2、Ltd 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 ISBN 92-801 -41 62-7 Sales number: TA1 22E ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This course on ship simulator and bridge teamwork is based on material developed for IMO, under contract, by the consultants MaTech AS - Norcontrol Training, Horten, Norway, and revised by Seagull AS, Horten, Norway
3、. I IMO wishes to express its sincere appreciation to the consultants for their expert assistance and co-operation. Copyright O IMO 2003 A/ rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostat
4、ic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the International Maritime Organization. CONTENTS Foreword Introduction Part A: Part B: Part C: Part D: Appendix: Annex: Course Framework Course Outline and Timetable Detailed Teaching Syllabus Instruc
5、tor Manual Ship Squat and Its Calculation IMO Assembly resolutions A.601 (15) and A.678 (16) Guidance on the Implementation of IMO model courses W 1 3 8 12 22 iii Foreword Since its inception, the International Maritime Organization has recognized the importance of human resources to the development
6、 of the maritime industry and has given the highest priority to assisting developing countries in enhancing their maritime training capabilities through the provision or improvement of maritime training facilities at national and regional levels. IMO has also responded to the needs of developing cou
7、ntries for postgraduate training for senior personnel in administration, ports, shipping companies and maritime training institutes by establishing the World Maritime University in Malm, Sweden, in 1 983. Following the earlier adoption of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certif
8、ication and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, a number of IMO Member Governments had suggested that IMO should develop model training courses to assist in the implementation of the Convention and in achieving a more rapid transfer of information and skills regarding new developments in maritime tech
9、nology. IMO training advisers and consultants also subsequently determined from their visits to training establishments in developing countries that the provision of model courses could help instructors improve the quality of their existing courses and enhance their effectiveness in meeting the requ
10、irements of the Convention and implementing the associated Conference and IMO Assembly resolutions. In addition, it was appreciated that a comprehensive set of short model courses in various fields of maritime training would supplement the instruction provided by maritime academies and allow adminis
11、trators and technical specialists already employed in maritime administrations, ports and shipping companies to improve their knowledge and skills in certain specialized fields. IMO has therefore developed the current series of model courses in response to these generally identified needs and with t
12、he generous assistance , of Norway. These model courses may be used by any training institution and the Organization is prepared to assist developing countries in implementing any course when the requisite financing is available. W.A. ONEIL Secretary- General V Introduction H Purpose of the model co
13、urses The purpose of the IMO model courses is to assist maritime training institutes and their teaching staff in organizing and introducing new training courses, or in enhancing, updating or supplementing existing training material where the quality and effectiveness of the training courses may ther
14、eby be improved. It is not the intention of the model course programme to present instructors with a rigid “teaching package” which they are expected to “follow blindly”. Nor is it the intention to substitute audio-visual or “programmed” material for the instructors presence. As in all training ende
15、avours, the knowledge, skills and dedication of the instructor are the key components in the transfer of knowledge and skills to those being trained through IMO model course material. Because the educational systems and the cultural backgrounds of trainees in maritime subjects vary considerably from
16、 country to country, the model course material has been designed to identify the basic entry requirements and trainee target group for each course in universally applicable terms, and to specify clearly the technical content and levels of knowledge and skills necessary to meet the technical intent o
17、f IMO conventions and related recommendations. H Use of the model course To use the model course the instructor should review the course plan and detailed syllabus, taking into account the information provided under the entry standards specified in the course framework. The actual level of knowledge
18、 and skills and prior technical education of the trainees should be kept in mind during this review, and any areas within the detailed syllabus which may cause difficulties because of differences between the actual trainee entry level and that assumed by the course designer should be identified. To
19、compensate for such differences, the instructor is expected to delete from the course, or to reduce the emphasis on, items dealing with knowledge or skills already attained by the trainees. He should also identify any academic knowledge, skills or technical training which they may not have acquired.
20、 By analysing the detailed syllabus and the academic knowledge required to allow training in the technical area to proceed, the instructor can design an appropriate pre-entry course or, alternatively, insert the elements of academic knowledge required to support the technical training elements conce
21、rned at appropriate points within the technical course. H Degree of obligation to and freedom from the model course The model course has been designed to specify the technical content and levels of knowledge and skill necessary to meet the intent of IMO conventions and related recommendations. Howev
22、er, adjustment of the course objectives, scope and content may be necessary if in your maritime industry the trainees completing the course are to undertake duties which differ from the course objectives specified in the model course, or if they do not fully meet all of the entry requirements. Withi
23、n the course plan the course designers have indicated their assessment of the amount of time which should be allotted 1 SHIP SIMULATOR AND BRIDGE TEAMWORK to each learning area. Teaching staff should note that the sequence and length of time allocated to each subject are suggestions only These facto
24、rs may be adapted by lecturers to suit individual groups of students according to their experience and ability as well as equipment and staff available for training. H Lesson plans Having adjusted the course content to suit the trainee intake and any revision of the course objectives, the instructor
25、 should draw up lesson plans based on the detailed syllabus. The detailed syllabus contains specific references to the teaching material proposed to be used in the course. Where no adjustment has been found necessary in the learning objectives of the detailed syllabus, the lesson plans may simply co
26、nsist of the detailed syllabus with keywords or other reminders added to assist the instructor in making his presentation of the material. Presentation The presentation of concepts and methodologies must be repeated in various ways until the instructor is satisfied that the trainee has attained each
27、 specific learning objective. The syllabus is laid out in learning-objective format and each objective specifies what the trainee must be able to do as the learning outcome. Evaluation or assessment of trainee progress The nature of this course involves all of the trainees and the instructors in an
28、ongoing process of individual and group evaluation. I H Implementation For the course to run smoothly and to be effective, considerable attention must be paid to the availability and use of: O properly qualified instructors; O support staff; O rooms and other spaces; O equipment; 0 textbooks, techni
29、cal papers; and 0 other reference material. Thorough preparation is the key to successful implementation of the course. IMO has produced a booklet entitled “Guidance on the implementation of IMO model courses”, which is included in this publication. PART A: COURSE FRAMEWORK Part A: Course Framework
30、W Scope This course is practical and theoretical and consists of a series of exercises performed on a ship handling simulator. Classroom lectures, to provide the necessary theoretical background for the exercises, are included. Particular items dealt with in these lectures are illustrated either by
31、including them as part of an exercise or by a separate simulator demonstration. Bridge teamwork is dealt with either as interactive Computer Based Training (CBT) or lecture. Exercises are controlled by an instructor and, initially, allow the trainees to become familiar with the equipment, the contro
32、ls and the instrumentation provided by the simulator. The exercises increase in complexity as the course progresses and as trainees become familiar with the manoeuvring characteristics of the ship model and its response to the engine and helm in various conditions. The final exercises deal with the
33、planning and execution of a coastal passage from port to port and will make use of the knowledge and skills learned in all of the previous exercises. Equipment failure or malfunction will be introduced during the later exercises to afford trainees practice in taking emergency preventive action and t
34、o practise on bridge teamwork in critical situations. During exercises, trainees are expected to make use of effective bridge procedures, to comply with International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG 1972) and to observe the basic principles of keeping a navigational watch,
35、 as set out in regulation VIW2, section A-VIlV2 and B-VIlV2 of the STCW 95 Convention and Code. They will assume the different roles of the bridge watchkeeping team, the roles being rotated to allow each trainee an opportunity to act as master for some of the exercises. Each exercise will be precede
36、d by a session for briefing and planning and be followed by a debriefing. Objective The trainees who successfully complete this course will have gained experience in handling ships under various conditions and will make a more effective contribution to the bridge team during ship manoeuvring in norm
37、al and emergency situations. In particular, trainees will gain: - familiarization with the use of engines and helm for ship manoeuvring; - an understanding of the effects on the behaviour of the ship of wind, current, shallow water, banks and narrow channels and condition of loading; - a greater awa
38、reness of the importance of planning a passage or manoeuvre and the need for an alternative plan; - a greater understanding and awareness of efficient bridge procedures and bridge teamwork during watchkeeping and ship handling, in normal and in emergency situations; 3 SHIP SIMULATOR AND BRIDGE TEAMW
39、ORK - a greater awareness and understanding of a good interactive communication style and benefit of building up a common shared mental model of the planned passage. Entry standards Trainees wishing to enter this course should have a minimum of six months watchkeeping experience as officer in charge
40、 of a navigational watch and should also have completed a course of training which meets or exceeds the standard set out in IMO Assembly resolution A.483 (XII), Training in radar observation and plotting (see IMO Model Course 1.07). Course certificate, diploma or document On successful completion of
41、 this course, a document should be issued certifying that the holder has successfully completed a simulator course in ship handling and bridge teamwork. W Course intake limitations The course intake will, to some extent, be dependent on the facilities provided by the simulator and the number of qual
42、ified instructors available. To allow each trainee to spend a reasonable proportion of the time engaged in exercises, the intake should be limited to two bridge teams, each consisting of three or four persons. Typically, one team would be carrying out an exercise while the other is being lectured, d
43、ebriefed or planning the next exercise. The two teams are identified as Group A and Group B in the timetables. When recruiting trainees for this course, consideration should be given to their length of watchkeeping experience and the sizes and types of ship for which they require training, so that p
44、ersons with widely differing experience and training needs are not in the same group. Staff requirements The instructor in charge should hold a certificate as master (or equivalent), have a minimum of two years experience in handling ships and have the training and experience necessary to operate a
45、ship handling simulator as a training aid. An additional instructor with similar qualifications and experience will be needed to supervise each group of trainees. All instructors should have a theoretical knowledge of the hydrodynamics of ship behaviour beyond that required by STCW 1995 Convention.
46、It is recmmended that, in addition to receiving instruction in the operation of the simulator, instructors should have attended a course in the use of a simulation facility for training purposes. At least one of the instructors must be the holder of Training Certificate for SAS Bridge Resource Manag
47、ement Workshop Leader (or equivalent). 4 PART A: COURSE FRAMEWORK U Teaching facilities and equipment This course requires a ship handling simulator with a fully equipped bridge, including instruments showing course, speed, rudder angle, rate of turn, engine RPM and propeller pitch and relative wind
48、 direction and speed. Whenever possible, the model in use should be of similar size and manoeuvring characteristics to the ships in which trainees will serve. The models must generate realistic responses to the use of engine and rudder under various conditions. Special attention should be drawn to s
49、low speed situations. The simulator must have a visual system capable of handling a number of ships in addition to land masses. The simulator must generate realistic radar signals and echo soundings and simulate or emulate navigation receivers providing at least one alternative means of fixing position. Manoeuvring information, in the form set out in IMO Assembly resolution A.601 (15), should be provided for the model in use. The bridge should be equipped with a simulated VHF telephone, connected to the instructor station, for communicating with pi
