1、 Recommendation ITU-R P.2041(09/2013)Prediction of path attenuation on links between an airborne platform and Space and between an airborne platform and the surface of the EarthP SeriesRadiowave propagationii Rec. ITU-R P.2041 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the ratio
2、nal, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocom
3、munication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of
4、Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent informat
5、ion database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F
6、 Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service sys
7、tems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2013 ITU 2013 All ri
8、ghts reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.2041 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.2041 Prediction of path attenuation on links between an airborne platform and Space and between an airborne platform and the surface of
9、 the Earth (2013) Scope This Recommendation predicts the various propagation effects needed in planning airborne systems operating in either the airborne-to-space or airborne-to-Earth direction. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that, in the design of airborne systems, there is a n
10、eed for an accurate knowledge of the system performance due to radiowave propagation between an airborne platform and a satellite, and between an airborne platform and the surface of the Earth; b) that the airborne platform may be located at any altitude between the surface of the Earth and the top
11、of the stratosphere; c) that the systems may operate beyond line of sight; d) that the frequency bands used may be in the range from 30 MHz to 50 GHz or higher, noting a) that the ITU-R has established and tested prediction methods that predict the long-term average impairments due to atmospheric ef
12、fects (e.g. gas attenuation, rain attenuation, cloud attenuation, and the attenuation due to scintillation) between a terminal located on the surface of the Earth and space; b) that these ITU-R Earth-space propagation prediction methods can be scaled to predict the performance of airborne links betw
13、een an airborne platform and a satellite and between an airborne platform and the surface of the Earth, recommends that the following prediction methods should be used to predict the long-term average impairments (e.g. attenuation and scintillation fading ) due to atmospheric effects between an airb
14、orne platform and a satellite and between an airborne platform and the surface of the Earth. 1 Relation to other ITU-R Recommendations Other P-series Recommendations address propagation from airborne platforms: Recommendation ITU-R P.528 Propagation curves for aeronautical mobile and radionavigation
15、 services using the VHF, UHF, and SHF bands; and Recommendation ITU-R P.682 Propagation data required for the design of Earth-space aeronautical mobile telecommunication systems. Recommendation ITU-R P.528 predicts the basic transmission losses for frequencies between 125 MHz and 15.5 GHz between tw
16、o antennas at various heights and distances. While the model is predominantly intended to treat the effects of multipath, diffraction, and troposcatter, it also includes simple gaseous and rain attenuation models that are applicable to generic continental temperate locations. As a result, the model
17、is not applicable to higher frequencies and different climates where the gaseous, rain, and cloud attenuation dominate. 2 Rec. ITU-R P.2041 Recommendation ITU-R P.682 addresses the tropospheric effects, ionospheric effects, fading due to surface reflections and scattering between an airborne platfor
18、m and space for frequencies near 1.5 GHz. The airborne-space and airborne-Earth links are shown in Fig. 1. FIGURE 1 Airborne-space and Airborne-Earth Links P.2041-01Airborne-spaceAirborne-EarthWhile the following prediction methods are considered to be approximately correct, they have not been teste
19、d and validated with measured data. 2 A note on the use of the digital meteorological maps There are various maps of meteorological parameters that are functions of latitude and longitude at the surface of the Earth. For a path between an airborne platform and space, the various meteorological param
20、eters should be determined at the point where the path between space and the airborne platform would intercept the Earth rather than the latitude and longitude of the airborne platform. This distinction, shown in Fig. 2, is important since some meteorological parameters are defined at the surface of
21、 the Earth (e.g. surface temperature, and the wet term of the radio refractivity). Rec. ITU-R P.2041 3 FIGURE 2 Latitude and longitude of meteorological parameters P.2041-02Airborne-spaceLatitude elevation angle () from the local horizontal plane 5. Depending on the frequency and elevation angle, mu
22、ltipath fading may need to be considered (see Recommendation ITU-R P.528); and depending on the location, time of day, and solar activity, the ionospheric scintillation may need to be considered for frequencies below about 6 GHz (see Recommendation ITU-R P.531). 5 Attenuation between an airborne pla
23、tform and space 5.1 Total attenuation prediction method If the airborne platform is below the rain height. Similar as in Recommendation ITU-R P.618, the total attenuation between an airborne platform and space, nullnullnullnull(null), is computed by: nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(null)+nu
24、llnullnullnullnullnull(null)+nullnullnullnull(null)nullnull+nullnullnullnullnull(null)nullnull(1) 4 Rec. ITU-R P.2041 where: nullnullnullnull(null): attenuation due to rain for a fixed probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(null): attenuation due to clouds for a fixed probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(nu
25、ll): gaseous attenuation due to water vapour and oxygen for a fixed probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(null): fading due to tropospheric scintillation for a fixed probability (dB) and nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(1%) for p 1.0% (2a) nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(1%) for p 1.0%
26、(2b) If the airborne platform is above the rain height. The total attenuation between an airborne platform and space, nullnullnullnull(null), is computed by: nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(null)+nullnullnullnull(null) (3) where: nullnullnullnull(null): attenuation due to clouds for a fixed
27、 probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(null): gaseous attenuation due to water vapour and oxygen for a fixed probability (dB) and p 0.1%. For Earth-space paths, the gaseous attenuation, cloud attenuation, rain attenuation, and scintillation fading are estimated using the various associated digital meteo
28、rological maps, usually on a 1.125 1.125 grid. The following paragraphs describe the method of adjusting the prediction methods that apply to Earth-space paths for paths between an airborne platform and space. 5.2 Gaseous attenuation The gaseous attenuation for an Earth-space path is predicted by Re
29、commendation ITU-R P.676: nullnull(null) =nullnullnullnullnull(null)nullnullnullnull(4) For a path between an airborne platform and space, the corresponding gaseous attenuation is: nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull(null)nullnullnullnull(5) nullnullnullnullis predicted as f
30、ollows: nullnullnullnull=nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull/nullnull(6) where altitude is the altitude above the surface of the Earth, and nullis obtained from Recommendation ITU-R P.676 using the frequency of interest and nullnullat the surface of the Earth. nullnullnullnull(null) is
31、predicted from Recommendation ITU-R P.676, where nullnull(null) is obtained from Annex 2 of Recommendation ITU-R P.836, and nullnullnull is the altitude of the airborne platform above mean sea level specified in Annex 2, 1 e) of Recommendation ITU-R P.836. Rec. ITU-R P.2041 5 5.3 Cloud attenuation I
32、t is difficult to predict cloud attenuation from an airborne platform to space since different cloud types are at different altitudes with different vertical extents. However, a conservative approach is to assume the cloud base is at the rain height specified in Recommendation ITU-R P.839 and the cl
33、oud top is at 6 km. Compute the cloud attenuation per Recommendation ITU-R P.840 as follows: use 100% of the total columnar content of cloud liquid water for altitudes below the rain height, 0% of the total columnar content of cloud liquid water for altitudes above the cloud top, with a linear trans
34、ition of total columnar content of cloud liquid water between the cloud base and the cloud top. 5.4 Rain attenuation Rain attenuation is predicted from Recommendation ITU-R P.618 which computes the slant-path length, nullnull, from null, the height of the Earth station above mean sea level. For a pa
35、th between an airborne platform and space, nullis replaced by the altitude of the airborne platform above mean sea level with the constraint that if nullis greater than or equal to null, then the rain attenuation is 0 dB. 5.5 Fading due to tropospheric scintillation Fading due to tropospheric scinti
36、llation is predicted from Recommendation ITU-R P.618. If the airborne platform is at an altitude below the rain height specified in Recommendation ITU-R P.839, tropospheric scintillation is calculated assuming the airborne platform is located at the surface of the Earth. If the airborne platform is
37、at an altitude above the rain height specified in Recommendation ITU-R P.839, tropospheric scintillation is ignored. 6 Attenuation between an airborne platform and the surface of the Earth 6.1 Total attenuation prediction method Similar as in Recommendation ITU-R P.618, the total attenuation between
38、 an airborne platform and the surface of the Earth, nullnullnullnull(null), is computed by: nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(null)+nullnullnullnullnullnull(null)+nullnullnullnull(null)nullnull+nullnullnullnullnull(null)nullnull(7) where: nullnullnullnull(null): attenuation due to rain for a
39、fixed probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(null): attenuation due to clouds for a fixed probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(null): gaseous attenuation due to water vapour and oxygen for a fixed probability (dB) nullnullnullnull(null): fading due to tropospheric scintillation for a fixed probability (dB)
40、and nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(1%) for p 1.0% (8a) nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnullnullnull(1%) for p 1.0% (8b) 6.2 Gaseous attenuation nullnullnullnull(null) is predicted as follows: nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnull(null)nullnullnullnull(null) (9) 6 Rec. ITU-R P.2041 where: nullnull(n
41、ull): gaseous attenuation between the surface of the Earth and space along the same path nullnullnullnull(null): calculated per equation (5). 6.3 Cloud attenuation It is difficult to predict cloud attenuation from an airborne platform to the surface of the Earth since different cloud types are at di
42、fferent altitudes with different vertical extents. However, a conservative approach is to include cloud attenuation predicted by Recommendation ITU-R P.840 for all altitudes. 6.4 Rain attenuation nullnullnullnull(null) is predicted as follows: nullnullnullnull(null) =nullnull(null)nullnullnullnull(n
43、ull) (10) where nullnull(null) is the rain attenuation between the surface of the Earth and space. 6.5 Fading due to tropospheric scintillation Fading due to tropospheric scintillation is predicted from Recommendation ITU-R P.618. Tropospheric scintillation is included for all altitudes. 7 Applicabi
44、lity to specific airborne missions The prediction methods described in this Recommendation correspond to the long-term average availability at a specific altitude and elevation angle. These prediction methods can also be used to predict the worst-case or average link availability for any applicable altitude and elevation angle profile. The time duration of an impairment (e.g. rain attenuation) will be dependent on the dynamics of the airborne platform.
