1、 Recommendation ITU-R RA.1237-2(01/2010)Protection of the radio astronomy service from unwanted emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulationRA SeriesRadio astronomyRec. ITU-R RA.1237-2 ii Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable,
2、 efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sect
3、or are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-
4、R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database ca
5、n also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service
6、M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectru
7、m management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2010 ITU 2010 All rights reserved.
8、No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RA.1237-2 1RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RA.1237-2 Protection of the radio astronomy service from unwanted emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulation (Question ITU-R
9、 145/7) (1997-2003-2010) Scope This Recommendation is concerned with the protection of the radio astronomy service from unwanted emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulation. Technical information is provided in Annex 1, especially on interference levels to radio astronomy fr
10、om satellite systems. The Recommendation recommends that for systems employing wideband digital modulation techniques all practicable steps be taken to reduce unwanted emissions. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the radio astronomy service and other passive services continue
11、to make important and substantial contributions to science; b) that progress in research in radio astronomy depends critically upon the ability to make observations at the extreme limits of sensitivity; c) that all services benefit from measures which reduce or remove unwanted emissions in the spect
12、rum; d) that Resolution 739 (Rev.WRC-07) defines a consultation procedure, to be followed when the unwanted emissions of some space service downlinks that operate in specific bands exceed the detrimental interference level in certain radio astronomy bands; e) that, transmitters, particularly those i
13、n space stations, are increasingly employing direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and other wideband digital modulation techniques which may produce unwanted emission sidebands extending to frequencies far removed from the carrier frequency as explained in Annex 1; f) that technical means to filte
14、r unwanted emission sidebands have been developed and successfully used; g) that spectrally efficient digital modulation techniques are known, which produce intrinsically low levels of unwanted emissions, and such techniques have been demonstrated; h) that, from the point of view of the victim servi
15、ce in an allocated band outside the band allocated to the service producing the unwanted emissions, there is no practical distinction between spurious domain and out-of-band domain interference, noting a) that examples of satellite systems utilizing DSSS modulation that may cause interference to rad
16、io astronomy station are given in Report ITU-R SM.2091, recommends 1 that, for systems employing wideband digital modulation techniques, all practicable steps should be taken to reduce the level of sidebands which fall outside the band allocated to the service, taking into account the guidance provi
17、ded in Annex 1. Rec. ITU-R RA.1237-2 2Annex 1 Interference to radio astronomy from unwanted (spurious and out-of-band) emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulation 1 Introduction Experience has shown that much of the seriously damaging interference to radio astronomy originat
18、es from transmitters on satellites. Most such interference has resulted from unwanted emissions, i.e. intermodulation and other non-linear effects and extended sidebands of digital transmissions, sometimes extending many times the allocated bandwidth outside the assigned band of the satellite transm
19、itter. An observatory site that is well shielded from terrestrial transmitters offers no protection from satellite emissions, and satellites are not accessible for retrofitting of filters or other mitigating techniques. Thus unwanted emissions from satellites are the most serious threat to the radio
20、 astronomy service, especially in view of the expansion of satellite usage for many purposes. 2 Spurious and out-of-band emissions from digital modulation The use of digital modulation including DSSS modulation can result in extended sidebands. The description of these sidebands in terms of spurious
21、 emission or out-of-band emission, is defined in Nos. 1.144 to 1.146 of the Radio Regulations (RR). Out-of-band emission results from the modulation process, as do the spread spectrum sidebands, but it is defined as immediately outside the necessary bandwidth. This is commonly interpreted to mean th
22、at the frequency range of out-of-band emissions is a few times wider than the necessary bandwidth. Spurious emission is yet further outside the necessary bandwidth and may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information, both of which characteristics are true of spread spe
23、ctrum sidebands. Sidebands of this type can cause serious interference in an adjacent band or one more widely separated in frequency. Mainly for the purpose of clarification of the definitions, the domains concept for unwanted emissions has been developed (see RR Nos. 1.146A and 1.146B). 3 Interfere
24、nce levels for radio astronomy Threshold levels at which interfering signals become detrimental to radio astronomy are given in Recommendation ITU-R RA.769. These are in the form of received power at the antenna port, spectral density of received power, power flux-density (pfd) and spectral power fl
25、ux-density (spfd) at the radio astronomy antenna, and are calculated for a representative series of radio astronomy bands across the spectrum. Interference levels specified in this form are widely applicable to the large number of active services that may cause interference to radio astronomy. RR Ap
26、pendix 3 specifies limits on spurious emissions in terms of the power into the transmission line of an antenna. However, these limits were not defined with the protection of passive services in mind, and may therefore be insufficient for the protection of the RAS in certain cases. In addition, To in
27、terpret such limits in terms of interference to radio astronomy, details of the transmitting antenna characteristics for each potential source of interference would need to be known, as well as the path losses between such transmitting antennas and any radio astronomy antenna. Furthermore, limits of
28、 this form are inappropriate in the case of active antenna arrays where there is no one single transmitter output port. Such considerations lead to the suggestion that emission limits can best be specified in terms of the effective isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) in the direction of a radio
29、observatory. Rec. ITU-R RA.1237-2 3As an example of the use of e.i.r.p., consider the case of a transmitter on a geostationary satellite. Because any such satellite is visible above the horizon from a large area of the Earth, it is likely to present side lobes in the direction of one or more radio o
30、bservatories. However, the downlink footprint may cover a relatively small area of the Earth which may not include a radio observatory. Thus a satellite system designer may choose to reduce the side lobe responses as one step in avoiding interference to radio astronomy. This would be possible if the
31、 limits are specified in terms of the e.i.r.p. in the direction of an observatory. However, if the limits are specified in terms of power into the antenna transmission line, as is currently the case in RR Appendix 3, then it would be necessary to assume, as a worst case, that the full gain of the tr
32、ansmitting antenna might be directed towards an observatory. Such limits could be much more difficult to meet. It thus appears that values of e.i.r.p. in the direction of a radio astronomy antenna provide a more appropriate form in which to specify the limits on unwanted emissions for the protection
33、 of radio astronomy. This conclusion applies equally well to any other type of transmission including those from ground-based transmitters. The e.i.r.p. values can be derived from the values of pfd or spfd in Recommendation ITU-R RA.769 so long as the propagation loss is known. It should also be not
34、ed that in interference calculations the levels of unwanted emissions must be known in absolute terms, rather than as decibels relative to the main transmission. In many cases the unwanted emission is well removed in frequency from the main transmission, and the victim service and the main transmiss
35、ion occupy different allocated bands. It is therefore logical to specify the limits in absolute units of power, pfd or spfd, rather than as a fraction of the main emission. 4 Interference from satellites Interference in the RAS station comes from either GSO or non-GSO satellite service downlinks. In
36、 the first case the interference will not vary in either location. In the second case, the interference power will vary both in time and location in the sky. As a result, both are treated separately. In bands where continuum observations predominate, the bandwidth used to compute the detrimental int
37、erference threshold level is the width of the band allocated to the RAS (from Table 1 of Recommendation ITU-R RA.769). In bands where spectral line observations predominate the channel bandwidth used to compute the interference threshold levels is the assumed spectral line channel bandwidth of the R
38、AS receiver (from Table 2 of Recommendation ITU-R RA.769). 4.1 Unwanted emissions from GSO satellite systems (downlink) The pfd of unwanted emissions can be assessed as follows: =21d)(.)(.)(ffemissionunwantedffATMSLfgfppfd (1) where: pfdunwanted emissions: pfd at the RAS station (W/m2); f1, f2: lowe
39、r and upper edge respectively of the RAS reference bandwidth (Hz); p( f ): unwanted emission power density at the transmission antenna flange (W/Hz); g( f ): gain of the transmission antenna in the direction of the radio astronomy site; SL: spreading loss (dB); ATM( f ): atmospheric absorption in th
40、e band f1 f2as a function of frequency. It should be noted that the power density of the transmitted signal, the gain of the antenna sub-system, and the atmospheric absorption vary with frequency and as such are represented as Rec. ITU-R RA.1237-2 4functions of frequency. The pfd of unwanted emissio
41、ns at the location of the RAS station is the integral of these functions as shown above over the passband frequency of the receiver. In cases where the unwanted emission power density, the antenna gain, and the atmospheric absorption are constant throughout the bandwidth of the passive service recei
42、ver, the function can be simplified as follows: ()12.ffATMSLgppfdemissionunwanted= (2) In cases where the active band is adjacent to the passive band, it may be possible to assume that the transmission antenna gain remains approximately constant in both the transmission band and the passive band. Ho
43、wever this may often not be the case, particularly when the passive band is below the cut-off frequency of the waveguide feed network in the antenna sub-system. This pfd level then needs to be compared to the threshold levels contained in Recommendation ITU-R RA.769. 4.2 Unwanted emissions from non-
44、GSO satellite systems (downlink) To evaluate interference from non-GSO fixed-satellite service (FSS) systems to stations in the RAS, in addition to the calculation above giving the pfd of one particular satellite, the methodology of Recommendation ITU-R S.1586 should be used. Likewise, to evaluate i
45、nterference from non-GSO mobile-satellite service (MSS) and radionavigation-satellite service (RNSS) systems to stations in the RAS, the methodology of Recommendation ITU-R M.1583 should be used. 5 Unwanted emissions from satellites of particular concern to radio astronomy 5.1 Direct sequence spread
46、 spectrum In the absence of pulse shaping, this type of modulation results in a power spectrum that has the form of a sinc-squared function of frequency with very extensive sidebands. If f is frequency measured from the carrier frequency and T is the basic period of the spreading function, the form
47、of the spectrum is: (sin ( f T ) / ( f T )2(3) The peak power levels in the sidebands fall away as f 2, i.e. only 6 dB/ octave in f. In the worst case the spectrum that is radiated follows equation (3) over a wide frequency range, and can cause serious interference to radio astronomy at frequencies
48、well removed from the carrier. However, in systems that employ such techniques it is generally true that only the central maximum of the transmitted spectrum is accepted by the IF filters of the receiver, so the additional sidebands are unwanted emissions. This may not be the case for RNSS signals w
49、hich may require taking into account also the side lobes in the correlation process to obtain sufficient precision in the location determined by the system (see Report ITU-R SM.2091). Elimination of the unwanted sidebands of spread spectrum near the carrier by means of filters at the carrier frequency may not be practicable if the spread spectrum carrier is close to the radio astronomy band. An alternative approach to reducing the unwanted sidebands is to modify the modulation process so as to attenuate them. Accurate spectrum shaping can be achieved through modern digital processi
