1、 Recommendation ITU-R SNG.770-2(01/2012)Uniform operational procedures for digitalsatellite news gathering (DSNG)SNG SeriesSatellite news gatheringii Rec. ITU-R SNG.770-2 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radi
2、o-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Ra
3、diocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission
4、of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommen
5、dations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and
6、 related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering
7、 TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprod
8、uced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R SNG.770-2 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SNG.770-2 Uniform operational procedures for digital satellite news gathering (DSNG) (1992-1994-2012) Scope This Recommendation specifies characteristics and operating procedures for satelli
9、te news gathering transmissions using digital encoding and modulation techniques. Annex 1 provides operating characteristics and procedures with a view toward the prevention of interference among satellite transmissions. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that satellite news gatheri
10、ng (DSNG) using portable transmitting earth stations is essential for broadcast operations and provides a valuable method of transmission for the rapid acquisition and broadcasting of news events; b) that to facilitate the international coverage of news and to optimize the design of equipment, it ha
11、s been desirable to adopt uniform operational procedures for SNG taking into account the possibility for interference to other satellites and systems; c) that SNG is temporary and occasional and its activation often cannot be determined long in advance; d) that the ITU Convention states in its Pream
12、ble “fully recognizing the sovereign right of each state to regulate its telecommunications”; e) that for the successful operation of SNG, it is essential that there be expeditious authorization for the activation of SNG earth stations, for transmissions to a telecommunication satellite, in conforma
13、nce with the administrative procedure of the host country; and operational criteria for these systems; f) that SNG would be facilitated through the availability of an SNG users guide from satellite operators (space segment providers) and host countries; g) that additional communication facilities, s
14、uch as point-to-point microwave, telephone communications systems, two-way simplex/duplex radio wireless microphones and mobile satellite terminals for voice and data may be required in support of SNG operators; h) that some regional or national organizations have already worked out standards which
15、should be satisfied by the SNG transmitting earth stations; j) that SNG systems, applications and international interchange now employ digital encoding and modulation techniques, noting a) that ITU-R has established Recommendation ITU-R BO.1516 Digital multiprogramme television systems for use by sa
16、tellites operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency range; b) that ITU-R has established Recommendation ITU-R BO.1784 Digital satellite broadcasting system with flexible configuration (television, sound and data) which is also referred to as DVB-S2, 2 Rec. ITU-R SNG.770-2 recognizing that digital satellit
17、e news gathering (DSNG) is a point-to-point service that is, generally, provided through the fixed-satellite service and that the definition of broadcasting-satellite service in the Radio Regulations is a radiocommunication service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations are
18、intended for direct reception by the general public, recommends 1 that the operation of digital (DSNG) should comply with the uniform operating procedures as described in Annex 1; 2 that to facilitate the temporary authorization of DSNG operations, administrations and relevant organizations are enco
19、uraged to consider harmonization of the standards which could exist in this field and harmonization of expeditious and simplified procedures (e.g. earth station approval, satellite reservation, frequency coordination, and timely authorization of radio related services in support of additional DSNG c
20、ommunications facilities, etc.); 3 that each administration should establish a full-time point of contact for exchange of information and guidance on frequency coordination and administrative procedures of the host country (for example via an Internet webpage); 4 that in order to simplify operations
21、 and minimize delays, satellite space segment providers should develop user guides for SNG operational procedures of their individual systems and take steps to harmonize those procedures between these systems; 5 that host countries are encouraged to develop DSNG user guides or other documents which
22、may be in the form of national regulations to facilitate operations; 6 that satellite organizations should, on request, provide an easily identifiable carrier to facilitate the operation of DSNG earth stations; 7 that DSNG transmissions include an appropriate identification signal, notified to the h
23、ost country to assist in interference abatement; 8 that two-way communication circuits should be available prior to and at all times during the DSNG transmission; 9 that for satellite transponders having regional coverage of a number of countries, the authorization of only the appropriate uplinking
24、country is required. Annex 1 Uniform operating procedures for DSNG 1 Operating characteristics The nature of DSNG operations is described below, with respect to frequency use and requirements. 1.1 Definition of DSNG Temporary and occasional transmission with short notice of television or sound for b
25、roadcasting purposes, using highly portable or transportable uplink earth stations operating in the framework of the fixed-satellite service. Rec. ITU-R SNG.770-2 3 The definition of the equipment is that it should be capable of uplinking the video news programme material with its associated sound o
26、r sound programme signals. The equipment may provide for data transmission and should be capable of being set up and operated by a crew of no more than two (2) people within a reasonably short time (for example, 1 h). Transportable earth stations are also applicable for meeting the DSNG requirements
27、 when logistics dictate use of such systems and the systems meet the basic functional characteristics of the DSNG systems. DSNG sound may also be operated in the mobile-satellite service. 1.2 Functional description The main features of DSNG systems are essentially defined by the uplink characteristi
28、cs. Operations with the DSNG uplink terminal assumes that the receiving side is appropriately dimensioned. To ensure system compatibility and efficient operation, it is necessary to standardize equipment characteristics and operating procedures. The functions of the DSNG system are to: transmit with
29、 a minimum of impairments, a vision and associated sound or sound programme signal; provide limited receiving capability to assist in pointing the antenna and to monitor the transmitted signals, where possible. 2 Satellite characteristics for performance and interconnection 2.1 Uplinks 2.1.1 Orbit s
30、pacing Satellite systems may use orbit spacings as low as 2. For actual DSNG operations, the particular established satellite configurations in the orbital arc appropriate for the required circuit need to be taken into account. Some administrations require that transmitting satellite earth stations
31、have an antenna radiation pattern designed to ensure that side-lobe peaks do not exceed G = 29 25 log (dBi), at least in the direction of the geostationary orbit. In any case the antenna performance will concur with the specifications of the satellite operator. 2.1.2 Frequency bands appropriate for
32、DSNG All frequency bands allocated to uplinks for the FSS may be used by DSNG systems. However, since a DSNG terminal requires a small antenna to provide high portability, the operating frequency band is extremely important. Some bands may require appropriate coordination with other services. There
33、is a preference for use of the 14 GHz band for which the technology is sufficiently mature. 2.1.3 Uplink service area Uplink service areas fall into two general categories: national international. Nations spanning large areas sometimes use large satellite antenna beamwidths which would be more appro
34、priately categorized as “continental”. 4 Rec. ITU-R SNG.770-2 2.1.4 Satellite G/T The predominant factor governing G/T performance is the size of the uplink service area. National beams generally have higher gain antennas, more suitable to the low e.i.r.p.s from DSNG terminals. The more common confi
35、guration is for large uplink service areas national and international resulting in G/T values of zero, or in some cases negative values, at the edge of the beam. In some cases, it is desirable to take account of satellite G/T values of 0 dB(K1). To be as flexible as possible, the DSNG terminals shou
36、ld be capable of working to satellite G/T values as low as 6 dB(K1), even if this involves lower performance. In the event of operation in the 6/4 GHz band, global beam values of G/T as low as 12 dB(K1) can be encountered. 2.1.5 Satellite gain Satellites are often equipped with variable gain setting
37、s to achieve a higher e.i.r.p. Lower gain values have been shown to provide improved overall performance when the satellite is used for DSNG applications. As it is not always possible to change satellite gain settings for short-term use, DSNG terminals should be capable of operating with nominal sat
38、ellite gain settings and the downlink receiver should be appropriately dimensioned. 2.1.6 Bandwidth It may be possible to carry DSNG on a shared basis with other television signals, and communication channels, depending on the transponder bandwidth available and its intermodulation characteristics.
39、2.1.7 Channel plans for satellites Satellites often make use of overlapping channels with orthogonal polarization discrimination. Account needs to be taken of interference in relation to each specific satellite, in particular the polarization discrimination requirements. 2.1.8 Steerable satellite an
40、tenna Steerable satellite beams have been deployed and allow a narrow beam antenna to be directed to the DSNG earth station location to provide improved performance. 2.2 Downlink 2.2.1 Downlink service area It is necessary that the downlink service area encompasses the intended receiving site. For e
41、ase of establishment, for communications and for monitoring, it is also highly desirable that the DSNG terminal site be capable of reception of signals from the satellite. 2.3 Connectivity Satellites generally have some levels of connectivity (on-board switching) flexibility such as switching to spa
42、re components, variable interconnection of input amplifiers, output amplifiers and antenna beams. Use of variable connectivity depends on the satellite operator and may be related to the level of reliability and the interrelationship of the satellite hardware affected by any change. Rec. ITU-R SNG.7
43、70-2 5 Where available, reconfiguration of connectivity may be useful in establishing the desired circuit. In some satellites it may be possible to connect 14 GHz band uplink capacity to, for example, 4 GHz band downlink circuits. Improved flexibility in future satellites may be of benefit to DSNG o
44、perations. 3 Uniform operating procedures required for temporary authorization for DSNG 3.1 Introduction DSNG differs from most other forms of satellite transmissions in a number of ways. For example, the requirement for DSNG typically is identified only days, possibly hours, before transmission. It
45、 lasts typically for no more than a few days, or at the most, weeks. Nevertheless, the DSNG operator has to comply with the regulations of the host country and with a number of procedures which are designed to ensure the proper management and protection of the space segment and frequency spectrum. T
46、he regulatory framework in which a DSNG operation takes place has a dual effect on its operational effectiveness. In order to carry out its intended function, the DSNG operator must have access to temporary agreements and/or authorizations in a timely and cost-effective manner. The operators needs r
47、ange from frequency authorization, to coordination with the space segment entity, to tariffs and administrative costs, to the necessary supporting lines of communication. This section describes the nature of the operational information that is required to assist the DSNG capability. Given that DSNG
48、requirements are occasional and/or temporary and that coverage for an unplanned fast-breaking news event is a valuable worldwide service, expeditious approval for activation of portable earth stations is essential. The successful application of DSNG technology requires uniform agreement on standard
49、technical approaches and recognized operating procedures. The frequency and number of programme sound channels as well as the number of auxiliary, data and coordination channels should be uniformly adopted. 3.2 Earth station approval Earth station approval is necessary to allow the responsible body to ensure compatibility of the DSNG terminal with the space segment. To meet this requirement, administrations are required to consider procedures to permit the DSNG terminal to be brought into service as quickly as possible. Administrations are urged to investigate the
