1、2010 年北京外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 langue2 phoneme3 prefix4 part of speech5 back-formation6 polysemy7 speech community8 interlanguage9 syllabus10 comprehensible input二、简答题11 How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?12 What is the aim of IC(Immediate Constituent
2、)analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram.My mother said Mary liked the handbag.13 What is your comment on the following paragraph? Rewrite it and explain why you want to rewrite it that way.One winter morning when Father left the Riding C
3、lub on horseback, Fathers horse fell with Father. Not only did the stupid animal fall but the animal landed on Fathers foot. Father pulled Fathers foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for Fathers ride. But Father found later that one of Fathers toes had been bent and that F
4、ather couldnt straighten the toe out.14 In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning?三、写作题15 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.甲：上车请买票。已：三张天安门。甲：您拿好。16
5、Some adult second language learners may have stayed in an English speaking country for years. However, when they speak, their English can still be full of mistakes. What do you think might be the problem? Use a second language acquisition theory to analyse the problem.2010 年北京外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析
6、一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and it is the linguistic competence of the speaker.【试题解析】 (考查语言)2 【正确答案】 A phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can di
7、stinguish meaning.【试题解析】 (考查音位)3 【正确答案】 Prefix is a special kind of affix, a type of bound morphemes that occurs only before other morphemes(the root or stem).【试题解析】 (考查前缀)4 【正确答案】 One of a group of traditional classifications of words according to their functions in context, including the noun, pro
8、noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and sometimes the article.【试题解析】 (考查词类)5 【正确答案】 It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.【试题解析】 (考查逆构词法)6 【正确
9、答案】 It refers to the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used(in different contexts)to express two or more different meanings.【试题解析】 (考查一词多义)7 【正确答案】 It refers to a group of people who share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well.【试题解析】 (考查
10、言语社团)8 【正确答案】 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. Interlanguage is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learners native language. It is
11、imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learners native language.【试题解析】 (考查中介语)9 【正确答案】 A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of meth
12、odology.【试题解析】 (考查教学大纲)10 【正确答案】 Some experts strongly believe that any input must be comprehensible if it is to have any effect on learning. According to Krashens Input Hypothesis(1985), learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them. Krashen put forward the concept
13、of “ i + 1“ principle: the language that learners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress. Input should be neither too difficult nor too easy for the learners.【试题解析】 (考查可理解输入)二、简答题11 【正确答案】
14、Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey information to human beings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer “duality“(of structure)to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or
15、 patterning.(3 points)At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words, etc.). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but combine to form units of meaning. With duali
16、ty, our language is endowed with the great productive power.(3 points)The traffic light system does not have duality, because its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. One form corresponds to one meaning. That is, the red light mean
17、s to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop.(3 points)The traffic light system is more like animal communicative system rather than human language.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查语言与交通信号灯的异同。语言系统与交通信号灯系统的关键区别在于语言的二重性。二重性是人类语言的区别性特征之一，指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合
18、规则。二重性使得人类语言具有巨大的能创性。而交通信号灯系统不具备二重性，在某种意义上，它更像是动物的语言。12 【正确答案】 The aim of IC analysis is to discover and demonstrate the interrelationships of the words in a linguistic structurethe sentence or the word-combination. The IC analysis views the sentence not just as a linear sequence of elements but as
19、a sequence made up of “layers“ of immediate constituents, each lower-level constituent being part of a higher-level constituent.(3 points)Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.(2 points)We can analyze the sent
20、ence like this;Or(My)(mother)(said)(Mary)(liked)(the)(handbag)(5 points)【试题解析】 考查直接成分分析法的目的。直接成分分析法是指先把句子分析为直接成分词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。本题可先从直接成分分析法的概念着手。通过直接成分分析法，句子的内在结构可以清晰地展示出来，如果有歧义也会被揭示出来。13 【正确答案】 One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, his horse
21、 fell with him. Not only did the stupid animal fall but it landed on Fathers foot. Father pulled his foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for his ride. But he found later that one of his toes had been bent and that he couldnt straighten it out.(6 points)The original version
22、 is rather redundant without proper use of pronouns. Proper use of pronouns is able to make the paragraph smooth, brief and clear.(2 points)Therefore, I use proper pronouns in my rewriting. For example, in the first sentence, I use “his horse“ to replace “Fathers horse“ in order to make it brief wit
23、hout any ambiguity.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语篇中的衔接与连贯。本段文字没有充分利用代词，语篇读起来比较啰嗦。因此在改写过程中，应充分利用人称代词，使语篇流畅、自然。14 【正确答案】 The interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language is called computational linguistics. To this field, linguistics contributes an under
24、standing of the special properties of language data, and provides theories and descriptions of language structure and use. Computer science contributes theories and techniques for designing and implementing computer systems.(5 points)Computer Assisted Language Learning refers to the use of a compute
25、r in the learning of a second or foreign language. It may take the form of;(2 points)a. Activities which parallel learning through other media besides with the use of the facilities of the computer.(1 point)b. Activities which are extensions or adaptations of print-based or classroom-based activitie
26、s.(1 point)c. Activities which are unique to CALL.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查语言与计算机的关系，即计算机语言学的研究范围，以及计算机语言学对语言学习的影响。计算机语言学属于跨学科领域，它研究如何利用计算机去处理及产生人类语言。语言学对这一领域的贡献是帮助理解语料的特殊性质，并提供有关语言结构和使用的描述及理论。计算机科学提供计算机系统设计及应用的理论和技术。计算机辅助语言学习是指第二语言或外语的教学或学习过程中计算机的运用。计算机辅助语言学习可能呈现以下几种形式：(1)既使用了计算机设备又涉及其他媒介进行学习的活动；(2)对基于印刷品
27、或课堂的教与学进行了延伸或改编的活动；(3)计算机辅助语言学习所特有的活动。三、写作题15 【正确答案】 According to Speech Act Theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking, and a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. a)A locutionary act is the act o
28、f uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax lexicon and phonology.(3 points)b)An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something.(3 points)c)A perlocutionary act is the act performed
29、by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.(3 points)According to the Speech Act Theory, when 甲 said : “上车请买票.“ , its locutionary act is that the ticket seller is speaking the sentence. It
30、s illocutionary act is to ask the passengers to buy tickets for their ride. Since the passengers give an active correspondence, the ticket seller realized his intention, so the perlocutionary act of the first sentence is that the passengers bought the tickets for their ride.(4 points)When 乙 said : “
31、 三张天安门 .“ , its locutionary act is that he is speaking the sentence. Its illocutionary act is to buy three tickets to Tiananmen, and its perlocutionary act is that the ticket seller gave him the tickets, and he said “您拿好“ .(4 points)甲 and 乙 also comply with the cooperative principle proposed by Gric
32、e. Cooperative principle refers to the “cooperation“ between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation.(3 points)Our talks are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts; and each participant recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or some of the purpose
33、s, or at least, a mutually accepted direction.(3 points)To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows: the maxim of quantity, of quality, of relation, and of manner.(3 points)The correspondent of 乙, perfectly complies with the maxim of relation. It is a perfect ans
34、wer for the locutionary act of 甲. 甲 is asking the passengers to buy the tickets. And the answer of 乙 gives all the required information.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查语用学中的言语行为理论和合作原则。言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰奥斯汀在 20 世纪 50 年代提出的。根据言语行为理论，我们说话的同时是在实施某种行为，说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为：发话行为、行事行为和取效行为。发话行为是通过句法、词汇和音位来表
35、达字面意义的行为。行事行为是表达说话者的意图的行为，它是在说某些话时所实施的行为。取效行为是通过某些话所实施的行为，或讲某些话所导致的行为，它是话语所产生的后果或所引起的变化。会话含义的产生是由于在现实交际中，人们出于种种原因，并不都严格遵守合作原则及其相关准则。因而有必要先介绍一下格赖斯的合作原则及其准则。格赖斯认为，在所有的语言交际中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，他称这种原则为会话的合作原则(Cooperative Principle，简称 CP)，也就是说，每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中所说的话要符合交谈的公认目的或方向。格赖斯将合作原
36、则具体化为四个准则，其中一个准则是关系准则。因此实质上，乙的回答是对甲的话语的非常合适的回应。16 【正确答案】 We can explain this phenomenon by the theory of the critical period hypothesis.(3 points)The critical period hypothesis is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to ac
37、quire language is biologically linked to age. The hypothesis claims that there is an ideal “ window“ of time to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment, after which this is no longer possible.(3 points)The critical period hypothesis states that the first few years of life is the crucia
38、l time in which an individual can acquire a first language if presented with adequate stimuli. If language input doesnt occur until after this time, the individual will never achieve a full command of languageespecially grammatical systems.(5 points)The evidence for such a period is limited, and sup
39、port stems largely from theoretical arguments and analogies to other critical periods in biology such as visual development, but nonetheless is widely accepted.(3 points)The nature of this phenomenon, however, has been one of the most fiercely debated issues in psycholinguistics and cognitive scienc
40、e in general for decades. Some writers have suggested a “sensitive“ or “optimal“ period rather than a critical one; others dispute the causes(physical maturation, cognitive factors).(3 points)The duration of the period also varies greatly in different accounts.(2 points)In second language acquisitio
41、n, the strongest evidence for the critical period hypothesis is in the study of accent, where most older learners do not reach a native-like level. However, under certain conditions, native-like accent has been observed, suggesting that accent is affected by multiple factors, such as identity and mo
42、tivation, rather than a critical period biological constraint.(3 points)It has been shown that, though older language learners have an initial advantage over younger learners, in the long run, young language learners tend to achieve higher levels of success than older learners. This last result is g
43、enerally interpreted as evidence in favor of the CPH. However, in order to test the assumption that the critical period effect is caused by neurophysiologic factors, as Lenneberg proposes, one needs additional types of evidence.(5 points)Therefore, in this phenomenon, the adults have missed the crit
44、ical period. Even they have stayed in the foreign country for years, they are not able to speak the foreign language fluently.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查用二语习得的理论解释成人语言学习中存在的困难。我们可以选用二语习得中的“关键期假说”来解释这个理论。1967 年，Lenneberg 提出了著名的关键期假说(Critical Period Hypothesis 简称 CPH)。他把儿童习得语言的优势归因于生理因素，认为人的大脑在两岁至青春期(10 一 12 岁)之前，由于受到大脑中语言习得机制(Language Acquisition Device，简称 LAD)的影响能够自然轻松地习得语言。因为这时大脑的两个半球都参与了语言学习，所以理解和产生语言就更容易些，而在青春期后，由于大脑发生了侧化(Lateralization)，人脑中用于语言加工和学习的部分已经发育成熟，神经系统不再有弹性，语言习得机制就开始失去作用，语言学习的自然性递减，学习障碍增加，因此语言学习也就越来越困难。关键期假说中，Lenneberg 强调青春期前是语言培养的最佳时期，过了关键期，因为某种原因而没能获得语言，就很难再弥补了。
