1、2011 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、填空题1 Language enables its speakers to refer to all kinds of things, which are either present or absent; either existing at present, in the past or in the future; either real or unreal. This quality is called_.2 _refers to a sound produced with the obstruction of t
2、he air stream caused by two lips, such as in the production ofp.3 In Chomskys view, language is a kind of innate endowment with which children are born. This endowment is called _.4 In the word “suitable“ , -able is a_morpheme rather than an inflectional one.5 _refers to the sense relation between a
3、 more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.二、判断题6 Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist, and he is called the father of linguistics.（A）True（B） False7 The smallest units that affect meaning are morphemes.（A）True（B） False8 According to the notions of construction and constituent,
4、 the largest construction in a language is sentence.（A）True（B） False9 When varieties of language are classified in respect of their users, they are called registers.（A）True（B） False10 Language variation is diachronic while language change is synchronic.（A）True（B） False三、单项选择题11 The morpheme “vision“
5、 in the word “television“ is a(n)_.（A）bound morpheme（B） bound form（C） inflectional morpheme（D）free morpheme12 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and _ relation.（A）exclusiveness（B） conclusiveness（C） inclusiveness（D）deduction
6、13 The word “laze“ is an example of_in word formation.（A）acronym（B） blending（C） functional shift（D）back formation14 A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a _ grammar.（A）systemic（B） descriptive（C） gene
7、rative（D）functional15 Speech act theory was first proposed by _.（A）Jane Austin（B） John Searle（C） John Austin（D）John Firth四、简答题16 What are the four basic requirements for the description of vowels?17 In what aspects are the concepts root and stem different? Use examples to elaborate your points.18 Te
8、ll whether each of the underlined part is endocentric or exocentric.(1)The problem under consideration.(2)I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(3)He kicked the ball.(4)Andy looked excited.19 Correctly classify the following pairs of antonyms into different types of antonymy.(1)parentoffspring;(2)tea
9、chlearn;(3)rudepolite;(4)falsetrue20 What are the two versions of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? What do they mean?21 Please list some differences between Langue and Parole.22 What are the three criteria linguists use to group allophones into phonemes?23 What are the differences between syntagmatic relatio
10、ns and paradigmatic relations? Please use examples to illustrate them.24 Based on the Cooperative Principle, analyze the implicature of the utterance “Well, boys are boys“ and discuss the reasoning process of the implicature.25 Please use notions of “deep structure“ and “surface structure“ to analyz
11、e the ambiguity of the sentence Flying planes can be dangerous.2011 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 displacement【试题解析】 (考查语言的移位性特征)2 【正确答案】 Bilabial【试题解析】 (考查辅音中的双唇音)3 【正确答案】 language acquisition device【试题解析】 (考查乔姆斯基提出的语言习得机制)4 【正确答案】 derivational【试题解析】 (考查派生语素与屈折语素)5 【正确答案】 Hyponymy【试题解析】
12、 (考查上下义关系)二、判断题6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查瑞士语言学家费尔迪南德索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussure 1857一 1913)，现代语言学的重要奠基者，也是结构主义的开创者之一。他被后人称为现代语言学之父，结构主义的鼻祖，而不是语言学之父。7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语素的定义。语素是最小的有意义的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或者语法意义，而不是影响词义的最小的单位。8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语法结构或建构。语法结构或建构指语言中被赋予一种或多种功能的任何句法建构，包括在语言学上该建构所拥有的常规意义
13、和用法。语法结构的最大单位是句子，最小单位是词。9 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语域。语域是语言使用的场合或领域的总称。韩礼德(M AKHalliday)将语域定义为“语言变体可以按照使用的情况划分为语域 ”。10 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语言变异与语言变化。语言变异具有历时性和共时性，共时的语言变异是历时的语言变异的基础，历时的语言变异是共时的语言变异的积累。三、单项选择题11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查自由语素。能够独立出现，也就是能够独立构词的语素叫做自由语素，如 dog，nation 等。在单词 television 中，vision 是一个可以独立构词的语素，
14、因此是自由语素。12 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查涵义关系。一般来说有三种公认的涵义关系：相同关系，对立关系和内包关系。13 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查同汇变化的方式。逆构词法指把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。14 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查生成语法的定义。生成语法由乔姆斯基提出，指运用一系列规则对语言进行结构描写并说明如何产生合乎语法的句子的语法。15 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查言语行为理论的提出者。言语行为理论是牛津哲学家约翰奥斯汀提出的，是研究语言使用的第一个重要理论。四、简答题16 【正确答案】 The four b
15、asic requirements for the description of vowels are: the height of the tongue raising(high, mid, low); the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back); the length or tenseness of the vowel(long vs. short or tense vs. lax)and the shape of the lips(rounded vs. unrounded).【试题解析】 考查
16、描写英语元音的四个基本要求：舌抬起的高度(高、中、低)；舌头最高部分的位置(前、央、后)；元音的长度或紧度(长一短或紧一松)；唇的圆展度(圆唇一展唇) 。17 【正确答案】 Root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity; while a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. Nation in inter
17、national is a root. Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships are both stems. The former example of stem shows that a stem may be the same as a root, whereas the latter indicates that a stem may contain a root and one, or more than one, derivational affixes.【试题解析】 考查词根与词干的区别。词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再
18、做进一步的分析而不破坏其意义，即把一个词所有的词缀去除后，剩余的部分就是词根。词干是指能够附加屈折词缀的语素或语素组合。词干可以相当于词根，也可以包括词根和一个或一个以上的派生词缀。18 【正确答案】 (1)exocentric(介词短语)；(2)endocentric(名词短语)；(3)exocentric(谓语结构：动词+宾语) ；(4)exocentric(系表结构)。【试题解析】 考查向心结构与离心结构。向心结构指该结构的分布在功能上相当于它的一个或多个成分，即一个词或词组可确定为“中心”或者“中心词”。名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语一般属于向心结构。离心结构指一组句法上相互联系的词语
19、，词组内的任何一个词在功能上不等于整个词组。离心结构通常包括：基本句、介词短语、谓语结构和系表结构。19 【正确答案】 (1)converse antonymy;(2)converse antonymy;(3)gradable antonymy;(4)complementary antonymy.【试题解析】 考查词的反义关系。反义关系包括等级反义关系，如 goodbad；互补反义关系，如 alivedead；反向反义关系，如 buy 一 sell。20 【正确答案】 Linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic de
20、terminism refers to that the structure of a language determines thinking patterns of its speakers; linguistic relativity holds that the former influences the latter.【试题解析】 考查萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说中的语言决定论和语言相对论。语言决定论指语言因其自我成形、自我创造的能力而能决定人们对世界的认识，是形成人们世界意象的积极因素；语言相对论指不同的语言不能表示同一个社会的现实，世界意象随着依赖思维的人类语言体系的不同而变化。21 【正
21、确答案】 Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterance)as langue and parole(1 point)Langue is a system in that it has a large number of elements whereby meaning is created in the arrangement of its elements and the consequent re
22、lationship between these arranged elements. Learning a language, we master the system of grammar, spelling, syntax and punctuation. These are all elements of langue.(2 points)Parole constitutes the immediately accessible data; it is the concrete use of the language, the actual utterances. It is an e
23、xternal manifestation of langue. It is the usage of the system, but not the system. The linguists proper object is the langue of each community, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by his upbringing in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his langu
24、age.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语言和言语的区别。语言(langue)指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统；言语(pamle) 则指语言在实际使用中的实现。语言是所有语言使用者都要遵守的一套习惯和规则，是抽象的、相对稳定的；言语是习惯和规则的具体运用，是具体的，因人因情境而异。语言是言语能力的社会产品，又是必要的惯例的总汇，这种惯例为社会群体所接受，使每个人能进行言语活动。言语是个人运用自己的技能时的行为，它运用的手段是通过社会惯例。22 【正确答案】 The three criteria that linguists use to group allophones int
25、o phonemes are as follows: the two sounds are in complementary distribution; they must be phonetically similar; and sometimes a phoneme may have free variants.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查不同音判属同一音位的标准。不同的音判属同一音位的标准包括：两个音位变体处于互补分布状态；在发音上有近似性；自由变体。23 【正确答案】 Syntagmatic relations, also called horizontal relation
26、s or chain relations, refer to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, it tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all. The change of word order may also affect
27、the meaning of the sentence. For example, the sentences “ Boy the ball kicked the“ and “The ball kicked the boy“ are either ungrammatical or nonsensical.(2.5 points)Paradigmatic relations, also called vertical relations or choice relations, refer to classes or sets of words, as well as groups of mor
28、e than one words, substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. Thus, we can use “last week“ or “the day before“ to replace “yesterday“ in the sentence “He went there yesterday. “ This is what Hjemslevs paradigmatic relations.(2. 5 points)【试题解析】 考查横组合关系和纵聚合关系的不同之处。
29、横组合关系也被称为横向关系或链状关系，主要是语言中的词语的排列顺序。纵聚合关系也被称作纵向关系或选择关系，是指在相同结构的句子中，语法上可以相互替代的此类词语的集合，也可以指由多个词组成的词组，语法上代替特定集合中的单个语词。24 【正确答案】 In order to specify the Cooperative Principle further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. The first is the quantity maxim:(1)Make your contribution as informative as is
30、 required;(2)do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2 points)Sentences like “ Well, boys are boys. “ seem to violate the first quantity maxim. At the superficial level, the level of what is said, the sentence is totally uninformative. But when people hear this sentence, he/
31、she should think that the speaker must convey something when he/she says it. Then the listener will think that the speaker is implying something with this sentence and think about it at a deeper level, the level of what is implicated, and the sentence is informative. It conveys the meaning that “Boy
32、s are naughty and mischievous by nature. “(3 points)【试题解析】 考查合作原则及其四条准则。为了进一步具体说明合作原则，格赖斯引入了四条准则，其中第一条为数量(quantity)准则：(1)使所说的话正好满足当前交谈所需要的信息；(2)所说的话不要多于需要的信息。同义反复句是违背数量准则第一条次则的极端例子，如：Well，boys are boys(男孩就是男孩)。从表面上看，也就是从字面义上看，这个句子完全没有提供任何信息。但是从深层看，也就是从内在含义看，它提供了信息，表达了这样的含义：男孩的天性就是淘气、顽皮。25 【正确答案】 Dee
33、p structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads sub-categorization properties; it contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence. Surface structure corresponds to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from a
34、ppropriate transformations; it is that of the sentence as it is pronounced or written.(3 points)Therefore, the sentence “Flying planes can be dangerous“ can have two different deep structures; “If you fly planes you are engaged in a dangerous activity“ or “Planes that are flying are dangerous. “(2 points)【试题解析】 考查表层结构与深层结构及其应用。表层结构是声音或文字表现出来的可感知的结构；深层结构是潜在于人们意识中，不能直接感知的结构。无论是直接成分分析法还是树形图，都只能分析句子的表层结构。表层结构是实际上形成的句子各成分进行线性排列的结果，深层结构是短语或句子成分之间内在的语法关系，是不能直接从线性序列中看出来的。Flying planes can be dangerous(一表层，两深层)，可以解释为：开飞机会很危险或者飞行中的飞机会很危险。
