1、2011 年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 Define the following terms. Support your definition with one or two appropriate examples.Ambiguity2 metalanguage3 minimal pair4 neologism5 euphemism二、单项选择题6 The word “edit“ is formed through the process of_.（A）blending（B） back-formation（C） compounding（D）derivatio
2、n7 By_, it is sometimes meant that the form of a word or sign partially or fully conveys the meaning of the word or sign.（A）arbitrariness（B） creativity（C） duality of structure（D）iconicity8 Assimilation occurs in the articulation of the word “_“.（A）invincible（B） inconvenience（C） inherent（D）inadequate
3、9 Deletion occurs in the articulation of all the words below except “_“.（A）debt（B） rhetoric（C） style（D）flight10 The primary stress of the word “_“ falls on the first syllable.（A）comparable（B） resistible（C） considerable（D）negotiable11 All the following words except “_“ are dynamic verbs.（A）boost（B） d
4、iscourage（C） unpack（D）concern12 The proverb “Modest dogs miss much meat“ exemplifies the use of_.（A）alliteration（B） consonance（C） assonance（D）rhyming13 As a presupposition trigger, “continue“ belongs to the category of_.（A）factive verbs（B） iterative verbs（C） implicative verbs（D）change-of-state verbs
5、14 The expression “first priority“ is generally considered to be a case of_.（A）redundancy（B） tautology（C） contradiction（D）inconsistency15 All the following words except “_“ are performative verbs.（A）warn（B） advise（C） understand（D）remind三、分析题16 Analyze the structure of the following by means of binar
6、y cutting.(12/150)deinstitutionalization17 The person I met yesterday is my boss.18 In most cases, a sentence with a prepositional phrase indicating transfer can be naturally transformed into a double-object construction, as in:He gave a book to Mary. He gave Mary a book.However, when the following
7、three sentences undergo the same transformation, they sound rather unnatural(possibly for different reasons), as marked by the question mark. Explain why.(15/ 150)(1)He sent a book to London. ? He sent London a book.(2)He sang a song to his dead lover. ? He sang his dead lover a song.(3)He gave a bo
8、ok to the fans who followed him around the world for over three months. ? He gave the fans who followed him around the world for over three months a book.19 Study the following collection of words carefully. Point out what types of semantic relations are involved among these words. Put the words int
9、o different groups according to the different semantic relations involved(Note that some words can be found in more than one group). Add ONE word of your own to each semantic group, wherever possible.(18/ 150)vessel van deck boat wing subway engine truck metro jet sail vehicle20 Study the following
10、headlines carefully. Specify the type of rhetorical device used in each and the presupposed information in(1)and(3).(20/150)Mercury. Once Coveted, Now Orphaned21 U. S. and South Korea Begin Joint Naval Exercises22 Fashion Goes, Keds Stay.23 Digital Domain: When the Software Is the Sportswriter24 In
11、China, Cultivating the Urge to Splurge25 Domestic Lives; An Empty House Where Time Stands Still26 Read the following two pairs of sentences. Compare Sentences A and B and answer the following two questions: 1)How are Sentences A and Sentences B different? and 2)Which sentence(Sentence A or Sentence
12、B)in each pair do you prefer to use in academic writing? Why?(15/150)(1)A. It may be said that the commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now. B. The commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.(2)A. Recent work on
13、the religious demography of Northern Ireland seems to show a separating out of protestant and catholic, with the catholic population drifting westwards and vice versa. B. Recent work on the religious demography of Northern Ireland shows a separating out of protestant and catholic, with the catholic
14、population drifting westwards and vice versa.27 Below is a questionnaire aimed at investigating the learner autonomy among college EFL learners(i. e. , to what extent can college students take an autonomus role in their English learning). Go over the items in the questionnaire and try to categorize
15、them in the following table. Do you think these categories(or aspects of the learner autonomy)are adequate? If not,add TWO more categories together with specific items.(20/150) 英语学习情况问卷调查请根据下面每个数字所代表的含义，选出其中一个数字填在句子开头的括号里。1这个句子总是不符合我的情况。2这个句子通常不符合我的情况。3这个句子有时符合我的情况。4这个句子通常符合我的情况。5这个句子总是符合我的情况。( )1 我
16、能清楚地了解教师的教学目的与要求。( )2我了解一些有效的听力策略，如利用已有的知识、根据说话者的语气和语调来判断意思等。( )3除了完成教师布置的学习任务，我有明确的英语学习计划。( )4在课堂上，我能了解教师采取某项教学活动提高学生语言能力的意图。( )5我了解一些有效的写作策略，如构思策略、修改策略等。( )6在英语学习过程中，我能意识到自己所使用的学习方法是否切合实际。( )7在听力练习中，我有意识地使用一些有效的听力策略。( )8 我能把教师的教学目的转化为自己的学习目的。( )9我了解一些有效的交际策略，如迂回策略、求助策略、借助于形体语言等。( )10在英语学习方面，我能根据自身
17、实际情况确立自己的学习目标。( )11在阅读练习中，我有意识地使用一些有效的阅读策略。( )12在英语学习过程中，我能评价自己的学习方法，找出存在的问题和解决办法。( )13在写作练习中，我有意识地使用一些有效的写作策略。( )14 我在考试后会自觉地找一下差距及存在的问题。( )15如果发现自己的学习方法不切实际时，我能及时地换用其他更合适的学习方法。( )16我了解一些有效的阅读策略，如略读、预测、猜测生词意思等。( )17我清楚自己在英语学习过程中的进步与不足。( )18在英语学习过程中，我能根据自己具体的学习情况来调整英语学习计划。( )19在学完一个单元之后我自己找一些题目进行自测，
18、检查自己的学习效果。( )20在会话练习中，我有意识地使用一些有效的交际策略。2011 年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Ambiguity is the property, by some terms, of having two or more meanings. It can be quite precise in each of its senses and may apply to words, phrases and sentences, considered in the abstract, or to utterances consid
19、ered as uttered on a given occasion. For example, in the sentence Flying planes can be dangerous, the ambiguity comes from “Flying planes“ , it can be “planes that are flying“ , or “to fly planes“.【试题解析】 (考查歧义)2 【正确答案】 Metalanguage refers to a language or set of symbols used for talking about or des
20、cribing another language. For example, I can use the word book to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression the word book to talk about the sign “book“ itself.【试题解析】 (考查元语言)3 【正确答案】 When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strin
21、gs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. For example, beatbit and bitbet are two pairs of minimal pairs.【试题解析】 (考查最小对立体)4 【正确答案】 Neologism refers to a new word or expression or a new meaning of a word, and also it can refer to the creation or use of new words. For example, teleportation, a
22、 word coined in 1931 with a Greek prefix tele-(meaning “distant“)and a Latin verb portare(meaning “to carry“).【试题解析】 (考查新词)5 【正确答案】 Euphemism refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word. For example, to say someone passed away is a euphemism used
23、 instead of saying he died.【试题解析】 (考查委婉语)二、单项选择题6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already exists in the language. For example, the word “edit“ is created by deleting an imagina
24、ry affix “or“ from the word “editor“.(考查逆构词法)7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 Iconicity sometimes means that the form of a word or sign partially or fully conveys the meaning of the word or sign.(考查象似性)8 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound an
25、d in the word “inadequate“ , the vowel follows “in“ is nasalized by the latter. (考查同化)9 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 In the first three words, though the letters “b“ , “h“ and “e“ are orthographically represented, their sounds are all deleted.(考查省略)10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 In the word “comparable“ , the primary stress f
26、alls on the first syllable.(考查重音)11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 The word “concern“ is a static verb, while all the others are dynamic verbs.(考查动态动词)12 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 In the proverb “ Modest dogs miss much meat“ , the initial consonants of all the words are identical, so it exemplifies the use of alliteration.(考查
27、头韵)13 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 There are three kinds of presupposition triggers and one of them is verbs, which includes implicative verbs, factive verbs, change-of-state verbs, verbs of judging and so on, among which, “continue“ is a kind of change-of-state verb.(考查预设触发语的分类)14 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 In the phrase “f
28、irst priority“, “first“ means “coming before all the others in time, order, or importance, etc. “ , while “priority“ also means “being more than others“ , so it is a kind of tautology, which means using the same word or its synonyms to define a word.(考查赘语)15 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 A performative is a senten
29、ce like “ I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth“ , which does not describe things and cannot be said to be true or false and in the four verbs, “ understand“ is not a performative verb.(考查施为动词)三、分析题16 【正确答案】 deinstitutionalization l st cutting; de/institutionalization 2nd cutting: de/institutionali(z
30、e)/(a)tion 3rd cutting: de/institutional/ize/(a)tion 4th cutting: de/institution/al/ize/(a)tion 5th cutting: de/institut(e)/(t)ion/al/ize/(a)tion17 【正确答案】 The person I met yesterday is my boss. 1 st cutting: The person I met yesterday/is my boss. 2nd cutting: The person I met yesterday/is/my boss. 3
31、rd cutting: The person/I met yesterday/is/my boss. 4th cutting: The person/I/met yesterday/is/my boss. 5th cutting: The/person/I/met/yesterday/is/my/boss.18 【正确答案】 In syntax, two principal types of relations were identified by Saussure. One is syntagmatic and the other is paradigmatic. The former is
32、 a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. There are syntactic and semantic conditions the words in a syntagmatic relation must meet. Besides, the order of words is also influenced by semantic considerations.(3 points)(1)The first sentence is ri
33、ght while the second sentence is unnatural exists in the government principle. The verb “ send“ should be followed by two objects, one is direct while the other is indirect. Generally speaking, the indirect object must be animate who can make the act of “receive“ or “accept“ or anything else. Howeve
34、r, in the second sentence, the indirect object is “London“. As a place which is inanimate, it can not “receive“ or “accept“ a book. Therefore it seems weird.(4 points)(2)When one “sing a song to somebody“ , the “somebody“ could be absent or present, but when one “sing somebody a song“ , it means tha
35、t the “somebody“ is present to hear the singing. In other words, the indirect object of “sing“ should be present and animate. However, in the above sentences, “dead lover“ means the object can not be present and hear the “song“. So the second sentence is unnatural.(4 points)(3)The difference between
36、 the above sentences is quite different from the other pairs under discussion. In the above two sentences, both “gave a book to the fans“ and “gave the fans a book“ are acceptable. The problem is that because the attributive clause is quite long while the indirect object of “give“ includes only one
37、word. It is the fact that the object and its verb are separated by a very long sentence that makes the sentence quite weird.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查句法中的组合关系。组合关系指的是一个单位和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系，或者说是在现场的所有成分之间的关系。处于组合关系中的词，必须满足一定的句法和语义条件，句法条件，例如 send 的间接宾语必须是有生命的等。另外语序也受到语义的影响。19 【正确答案】 vehicle; vessel, boat, van,
38、 truck, jet, subway, metro; another possible hyponym of vehicle; helicopter(1 point) vessel and boat: deck and sail; traveling on the water; another possible co-hyponym of vessel and boat: ship; another possible co-hyponym of deck and sail: oar(1 point) jet; wing; flying through the air; another pos
39、sible hyponym of jet and co-hyponym of wing: airframe(1 point) truck and van, traveling on the land; another possible co-hyponym of truck and van: car(1 point) subway and metro, traveling underground; another possible synonym of subway and metro: underground(1 point) All these vehicles contain engin
40、es.(1 point)In group , the semantic relation between “vehicle“ and the others is hyponymy.(2 points)In group , the semantic relation between “ vessel and boat“ and “ deck and sail“ is hyponymy;“vessel“ and “boat“ are co-hyponyms of each other; “deck“ and “sail“ are also co-hyponyms of each other.(2
41、points)In group , the semantic relation between “jet“ and “wing“ is hyponymy.(2 points)In group , “truck“ and “van“ are co-hyponyms of each other.(2 points)In group , the relation between “subway“ and “metro“ is synonymy and they are dialectal synonyms.(2 points)Vessel, boat, van, truck, jet, subway
42、 and metro are co-hyponyms of each other.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查涵义关系。词与词之间有不同的涵义关系，一般来说公认的有i 种：相同关系、对立关系及内包关系。同义关系指意义的相同或相近，意义上相近的词叫做同义词。同义词又分为方言同义词、语体同义词、情感同义词、搭配同义词及语义细微差别同义词。上下义关系是一种类和成员间的关系。位于这种意义关系上位的词语，即类名，叫做上坐标词；居于下位的是成员，叫做下义词。20 【正确答案】 Mercury. Once Coveted, Now Orphanedantithesis / The presuppo
43、sed information in this sentence is that mercury is deprived of caretakers or protectors now.【试题解析】 (考查对偶或对语。针对句子结构而言，构成对偶的上下句之间字数相同，意思相对或相反。)21 【正确答案】 U. S. and South Korea Begin Joint Naval Exercises synecdoche【试题解析】 (考查提喻。提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或用特殊代替一般。这里用美国和韩国来代替美国和韩国的海军。)22 【正确答案】 Fashion Goes, Ke
44、ds Stay.antithesis / The presupposed information in this sentence is that once Keds kept up with fashion.【试题解析】 (考查对偶或对语。针对句子结构而言。构成对偶的上下句之间字数相同，意思相对或相反。)23 【正确答案】 Digital Domain; When the Software Is the Sportswriter alliteration【试题解析】 (考查头韵。头韵指词首的辅音一致。)24 【正确答案】 In China, Cultivating the Urge to S
45、plurge rhyme【试题解析】 (考查押韵。押韵指词或音节发音相同，特别是在词尾位置的发音相同。)25 【正确答案】 Domestic Lives: An Empty House Where Time Stands Still personification【试题解析】 (考查拟人。拟人指借助丰富的想像，把事物摹拟成人来写的一种修辞方法。)26 【正确答案】 There is only one difference in sentences A and B. Sentence B uses a more affirmative tone while in sentence A, the
46、words “ may“ , “ It is said“ and “ seems“ show uncertainty about the content of the sentence.(3 points)Appropriate style contributes a lot to an effective academic writing. Appropriate style includes the following characteristics; be consistent; have the right level of formality; express ideas preci
47、sely; be concise; be objective; to be specific, the following requirements must be met.(2 points)Firstly, personal pronouns such as “I“ , “you“ and “we“ should be avoided as it will make the writing sound too personal and informal. Secondly, contractions should be avoided in academic writing, as the
48、se are the style of spoken or informal English. Thirdly, complex sentences are very common in academic writing. Fourthly, in academic writing, one should avoid the use of vague vocabulary. Fifthly, rhetorical questions should be avoided. Sixthly, one should avoid making statements that assume the re
49、ader will take your word that something is true. Last but not least, in academic writing if one wants to quote someones words, he should include references to the source of ideas or information in his writing.(7 points)As to the two pair of sentences under discussion, in academic writing, ambiguity should be avoided, and preciseness is necessary, which mean that words such as “may“ , “seem“ and “it is said“ should not appear. Therefore, I will p
