1、2012 年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find/faind/ beneath/bini:/mink2 pyrrhic3 caique4 uvular5 sememe6 resolution7 ideational8 tautology9 pedagogical10 contour二、填空题11 All languages have three major
2、 components; a sound system, a system of _ and a system of semantics.12 We can divide a syllable into two parts, the RHYME(or RIME)and the ONSET. The vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus, with the consonant(s)after it termed the _.13 In 1963 , Katz and Fodor wrote the article The Structure of a Sem
3、antic Theory, arguing forcibly that semantics should be an integral part of_.14 Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types; gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, and _ antonymy.15 In the middle of the 1960s, William Labov, a famous sociolinguist, conducted a
4、rather meticulous survey at several departments in the City of New York. The results of this investigation were reported in The_of English in New York City(1966), which has now become a classical work in sociolinguistics.16 From the early 1920s,_began to show an interest in language, anthropology, a
5、nd archaeology. Later on, he attended some linguistic courses given by Sapir at Yale University and “ found particular resonance between his own ideas and those of Sapir“(Sram 1994: 4983).17 Poetry can exploit the way we use stress when we speak to create rhythms. When stress is organized to form re
6、gular rhythms, the term used for it is _.18 According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of_to account for the language of fictional prose(i. e. a novel or short story), because there is a narrator-narratee level intervening between the character-character level and the author-reader
7、 level.19 The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between _and phonology. The name of the most influential scholar in this connection is Trubetzkoy, whose most complete and authoritative statements of principle are formulated in his Princi
8、ples of Phonology published in 1920 Malinowski believed that utterances and situation are bound up inextricably with each other and the _ of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.21 Hallidays Systemic-Functional(SF)Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic ap
9、proach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century, having great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and _ .22 By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its dua
10、lity and its _.23 According to McDonough(2000), a teacher who is able to explain some linguistic features would have a_position than one who handles the argument by using authority “its like that“ , “its an exception“ , or “its less formal“.24 Language corpora make it possible for materials develope
11、rs to select authentic, natural and typical language. The two most important factors in a corpus are the size and types of texts selected. Usually the _that will be made of the corpus decide the number and type of texts in a corpus.25 _ is the first major theory in the study of language in use, whic
12、h originated with the Oxford philosopher John Lang Shaw Austin.三、名词解释26 Received pronunciation and general American27 Conventionality28 Orthographic change29 Clause30 Grammatical construction31 Logical semantics32 Metonymy33 Communicative competence34 Computational linguistics35 Verbal processes四、举例
13、说明题36 In Case Grammar, the verb is the key element of the clause.37 The goal of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn.38 Orientational metaphors are based on human physical and cultural experience.五、简答题39 What is componential an
14、alysis in language studies?40 What are the seven types of meaning identified by G. Leech(1974)? What are the differences between/among them?41 What does the concept of “distinctive features“ mean?2012 年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、音标题1 【正确答案】 mink-2 【正确答案】 pyrrhic-3 【正确答案】 caique-4 【正确答案】 uvular-5 【正确答案】
15、 sememe-/si:mi:m/6 【正确答案】 resolution-7 【正确答案】 ideational-8 【正确答案】 tautology-9 【正确答案】 pedagogical-10 【正确答案】 contour-二、填空题11 【正确答案】 lexicogrammar【试题解析】 (考查语言的主要组成成分)任何语言均包括三个主要组成成分：语音系统、词汇语法系统和语义系统。12 【正确答案】 coda【试题解析】 (考查音节的组成部分)我们可以把一个音节分为两部分，节首和韵基，韵基中的元音是节核，节核后面的辅音称为节尾。13 【正确答案】 grammar【试题解析】 (考查语义
16、学与语法的关系)1963 年，Katz 和 Fodor 写了一篇文章语义理论的结构，指出语义学是语法的必要组成部分。14 【正确答案】 converse【试题解析】 (考查反义关系的三个次类)反义关系是对立关系的专业术语，它有三个主要次类：等级反义关系，互补反义关系和反向反义关系。15 【正确答案】 Social Stratification【试题解析】 (考查社会语言学中的经典之作)20 世纪 60 年代中期，著名社会语言学家拉波夫在纽约市进行了一次大规模的社会语言学调查，该项调查最终以专著纽约市英语的社会分层问世，这本著作已成为社会语言学界的经典之作。16 【正确答案】 Whorf【试题解
17、析】 (考查萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说的提出过程)沃尔夫从 20 世纪 20 年代早期开始，作为一个业余语言学家，开始对语言、人类学和考古学产生了兴趣。后来，他在耶鲁大学旁听了萨丕尔所开设的一些语言学课程，“在他自己的看法和萨丕尔的观点之间，找到了相同之处，产生了独特的共鸣。”17 【正确答案】 metre【试题解析】 (考查诗歌韵律的形成)诗歌能表现出我们说话时是如何使用重音来表现节奏的。当重读被组织成有规律的节奏时，就形成了韵律。18 【正确答案】 discourse【试题解析】 (考查话语的三个层面)根据 Mick Short(1996)的观点，我们需要至少三个话语层面来解释小说(即长篇小说和短
18、篇小说)的语言，因为在角色-角色层面和作者-读者层面之间插入了一个叙述者一被叙述者的层面。19 【正确答案】 phonetics【试题解析】 (考查布拉格学派的主要贡献)布拉格学派最突出的贡献在于其音位学说以及对语音学和音位学的区分。最具影响的学者是特鲁别茨柯依，他最完整和权威的论述都集中表述于音位学原理(1939)一书中。20 【正确答案】 context【试题解析】 (考查马林诺夫斯基的语境观)马林诺夫斯基认为，话语常常与情景语境紧密地联系在一起，而且情景语境对于理解话语是必不可少的。21 【正确答案】 machine translation【试题解析】 (考查韩礼德的系统功能语法的意义)
19、韩礼德的系统功能语法从社会学角度出发，用功能方法研究语言，是 20 世纪最有影响的语言学理论之一，其影响延伸到与语言相关的不同领域，如语言教学、社会语言学、语篇分析、文体学、机器翻译等。22 【正确答案】 recursiveness【试题解析】 (考查语言的创造性)语言的创造性指语言的能产性，这来源于语言的二重性和递归性。23 【正确答案】 stronger【试题解析】 (考查语言学知识对于教学的意义)根据 McDonough 所说，与那些只会依仗自己的权威使用“这是固定说法”、“这是例外情况”或“这是非正式用法”等措辞来搪塞语言问题的教师相比，一个能够对语言的特点进行解释的教师更有信服力。2
20、4 【正确答案】 uses【试题解析】 (考查语料库的定义)语料库为教材编写人员选择真实、自然、典型的语言提供了依据。语料库中两个最重要的因素是所选语言材料的长度和类型。一般来说，语料库的用途决定了语料库中语言材料的数量和类型。25 【正确答案】 Speech Act Theory【试题解析】 (考查言语行为理论)言语行为理论是牛津哲学家奥斯汀提出的，是研究语言使用的第一个重要理论。三、名词解释26 【正确答案】 Received pronunciation, widely used in public schools and spoken by most newsreaders of the
21、 BBC network, refers to the form of English pronunciation that is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. RP originates historically in the southeast of England and is spoken by the upper-middle and upper class throughout England. General American is the widely
22、 accepted accent used by most educated speakers in the USA. The differences between RP and GA in consonants are much less noticeable than those of vowels.【试题解析】 (考查标准发音(RP) 和通用美音)27 【正确答案】 Conventionality refers to the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning. It makes learning a language labo
23、rious. For learners of a foreign language, it is the conventionality of a language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.【试题解析】 (考查规约性的定义)28 【正确答案】 Orthographic change refers to changes that can be found at the graphic level. It is set off by phonological changes since writing is a reco
24、rding of the sound system in English.【试题解析】 (考查拼写变化的定义)29 【正确答案】 Clause refers to a constituent with its own subject and predicate, which is included in a larger sentence. It can be classified into finite and non-finite clauses, the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, participle phra
25、se, and gerundial phrase.【试题解析】 (考查分句的定义)30 【正确答案】 Grammatical construction or construct can be used to mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or
26、use the construct contains.【试题解析】 (考查语法结构的定义)31 【正确答案】 Logical semantics, usually done by philosophers and logicians, is more concerned with sentence meaning. It includes study in the concepts in propositional logic and predicate logic.【试题解析】 (考查逻辑语义学的定义)32 【正确答案】 Metonymy, in the cognitive literatu
27、re., is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain. It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.【试题解析】 (考查转喻的定义)33 【正确答案】 Communicative competence is a sociolinguistic
28、rule put forward by Dell Hymes in contrast with the “competence“ vs. “performance“ dichotomy in theoretic linguistics. It is the extension of the notion “competence“ to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use.【试题解析】 (考查交际能力的定义)34 【正确答案】 Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary fi
29、eld which centers around the use of computer to process or produce human language, also known as “natural language“ , to distinguish it from computer languages.【试题解析】 (考查计算语言学的定义)35 【正确答案】 Verbal processes are those of exchanging information. Commonly used verbs are “say“ , “tell“ , “talk“ , “praise
30、“, “describe“, etc. In this type of processes the participant are the Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage. The verbiage is the verbalization itself or the content of message.【试题解析】 (考查言语过程的定义)四、举例说明题36 【正确答案】 Case Grammar is an approach that stresses the semantic relationships of elements in a sentence. I
31、n this grammar, the verb is regarded as the key part of the sentence, and has a number of relationships with various noun phrases. These relationships are called “cases“.(5 points)For example, in the sentences:Smith killed the policeman with a revolver.This revolver killed the policeman.With a revol
32、ver and This revolver have different syntactic functions, but their semantic relationships with the verb kill are the same in both sentences. This revolver is the instrument with which the action of the verb kill was performed; with a revolver indicates the manner in which the killing action took pl
33、ace. From the above examples, we can see that in Case Grammar, the verb is the key element of the clause.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查格语法。格语法是着重研究句子成分之间关系的分析方法。在该语法中，动词被视为句子中最为重要的部分，与众多的名词短语有着一系列的关系。这些关系统称为“格”。如在 Smith killed the policeman with a revolver和This revolver killed the policeman中，with a revolver 和
34、this revolver 分别有不同的句法功能，但它们与动词 kill 的语义关系却完全相同。revolver 是 kill 这一动作得以施行而凭借的工具；with a revolver 描述了 kill 这个动作发生的方式。37 【正确答案】 Contrastive Analysis is a way of comparing languages(e.g., L1 and L2)in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and w
35、hat does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation.(3 points)The goal of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn. Contrastive Analysis was associated in its early days with behaviorism and structuralism.(3 poi
36、nts)One of the main assumptions underlying CA is as follows; Previously learned L1 interferes with the learning of L2; the major source of error in the production and/or reception of a second language is the native language; the greater the differences between L1 and L2, the more frequent the errors
37、 will occur.(3 points)For example, after a contrast between the English / see them and the French Je les vois,we may predict that English learners of French may say “Je vois les“. This is the assumption made by Contrastive Analysis.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查对比分析的目的。对比分析是通过对比不同语言(如第一语言和第二语言)来确定潜在错误的方法，从而把第二语
38、言学习环境下必须学习和不必学习的东西最终区分开来。对比分析的目的是为了预测哪些领域容易习得，哪些领域不易习得。早期的对比分析与行为主义和结构主义相关。它们的主要假设之一为：先前所学的第一语言影响第二语言的学习；输出和或理解第二语言过程中出现的错误的主要来源是母语；第一语言和第二语言之间的差异越大，越容易产生错误。如我们在对比了英语 I see them 和法语中的 Je les vois 之后，可以预测以英语为母语的法语学习者可能会说“Je vois les”。38 【正确答案】 Orientational metaphor gives a concept a spatial orientat
39、ion. They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another, but a co-occurrence in our experience. The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis, which link together the two parts of the metaphor. For example, More is up. This metaphor is grounded in t
40、he co-occurrence of two different kinds of experiences adding more of a substance and perceiving the level of the substance rise.(5 points)Orientational metaphors are based on human physical and cultural experience. For example, in some cultures the future is in front of us, whereas in others it is
41、in back of us. The following examples can show how each metaphorical concept might have arisen from human physical and cultural experience; Happy is up; sad is down. E. g. Im feeling up. That boosted my spirits. Im feeling down. Hes really low these days. From the four sentences above, it is obvious
42、 that drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, and erect posture with a positive state. Therefore, we can say that orientational metaphors are based on human physical and cultural experience.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查方位隐喻。方位隐喻给概念一个空间方位，不是以另一个概念构建一个概念为特征，而是以不断发生的经验为特点。方位隐喻基于人类身体和文化
43、的经验。例如在一些文化中，未来在我们的前面，而在另一些文化中，未来在我们的后面。在句子 Im feeling up That boosted my spiritsIm feeling down及Hes really low these days中，单词 up，boost，down，low 都可以表明低垂的姿势与悲伤沮丧的情绪相联系，直立的姿势与积极向上的状态有关。五、简答题39 【正确答案】 Some linguists suggest that there are semantic features or semantic components, on the analogy of dist
44、inctive features in phonology, that is, the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analysed into three components; HUMAN,
45、YOUNG and MALE.(3 points)To be economical, the semanticist can combine together some semantic components. The components YOUNG and ADULT may be combined together as ADULT, with YOUNG represented as ADULT; MALE and FEMALE may be combined together as MALE, with FEMALE represented as MALE.(3 points)Wor
46、ds like father and daughter, which involve a relation between two entities, may be shown as follows;father = PARENT(x, y)take = CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x, y)(2 points)It is claimed that by showing the semantic components of a word in this way, we may better account for sense relations. Two words, or two expre
47、ssions, which have the same semantic components will be synonymous with each other. For example, bachelor and unmarried man are both said to have the components of HUMAN, ADULT, MALE and UNMARRIED, so they are synonymous with each other. Words which have a contrasting component, on the other hand, a
48、re antonyms, such as, man and woman, boy and girl, give and take. Words which have all the semantic components of another are hyponyms of the latter, e. g. boy and girl are hyponyms of child since they have all the semantic components of the other, namely, HUMAN and -ADULT.(3 points)These semantic c
49、omponents will also explain sense relations between sentences. The sentences are self-contradictory, if there are words, or expressions, which have contradictory semantic components in them. For example, the sentence John killed Bill but Bill didnt die is self-contradictory.(2 points)Another more important sense relation between sentences is entailment, which can also be analyzed through componential analysis. In terms of semantic compo
